SNaPshot
Abstract:
Genetic family trees, especially those of celebrities, have become the research focuses of genetic genealogy in recent years. Among them, the history of Sima Guang’s family tree has lasted for a thousand years with full records, which provides a good case for cross-disciplinary studies. In this study, eleven clans claiming to be descendants of Sima Guang were genotyped for 17 Y chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs). The results indicated that five clans of them showed very close (the maximum number of mutation steps was four) relationships on their STR hyplotypes. Further tests of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) showed that they all belonged to a downstream haplogroup O1a1a1a1a1a-F492+,F656-. So, we can infer Sima Guang’s paternal lineage was most likely to be that haplogroup. Furthermore, a genealogical tree based on stemmata from these clans was constructed. Then, in order to verify the authenticity of the tree, we calculated the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of these clans hierarchically using BATWING method. And we found the time nodes recorded in the tree were in accordance with the TMRCA. This study offered a successful case of using paternal lineage to collate and reconstruct family pedigree. In addition, this investigation will facilitate studies on Sima Qian and the imperial house of the Western Jin Dynasty
Key words:
Sima Guang,
Genetic genealogy,
Y chromosome,
Paternal genetic lineage,
SnaPshot
|
家族
|
支系
|
样本编号
|
G_DYS19
|
B_DYS389I
|
B_DYS389II
|
B_DYS390
|
Y_DYS391
|
Y_DYS392
|
Y_DYS393
|
R_DYS437
|
R_DYS438
|
Y_DYS439
|
R_DYS448
|
B_DYS456
|
G_DYS458
|
Y_DYS635
|
R_Y_GATA_H4
|
G_DYS385a
|
G_DYS385b
|
SNP单倍群
|
|
洛阳1
|
SMG
|
SMG01-3
|
15
|
14
|
16
|
24
|
9
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
14
|
21
|
13
|
13
|
18
|
O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
|
|
SMG04-8
|
15
|
14
|
17
|
24
|
9
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
14
|
21
|
13
|
13
|
18
|
O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
|
|
SMG09-11
|
15
|
14
|
17
|
24
|
9
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
14
|
21
|
13
|
13
|
19
|
O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
|
|
洛阳2
|
WGD
|
WGD01-2
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
19
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD03-7
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD08-9
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
13
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD10
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD11
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
10
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
无锡1
|
WXA
|
WX03
|
17
|
12
|
17
|
24
|
10
|
13
|
12
|
15
|
10
|
12
|
21
|
15
|
17
|
21
|
12
|
14
|
18
|
O2a2*-P201
|
|
WXB
|
WX04
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
15
|
19
|
20
|
11
|
19
|
19
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
WX05-7
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
15
|
18
|
20
|
11
|
19
|
19
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
WX08
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
15
|
18
|
20
|
11
|
19
|
20
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
绍兴
|
SX
|
SX
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
夏县
|
XX
|
XX01-5
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
12
|
14
|
14
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
XX06
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
无锡2
|
WXC
|
WX01
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
18
|
17
|
16
|
19
|
12
|
10
|
13
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
无锡3
|
WX02
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
18
|
16
|
16
|
19
|
12
|
10
|
13
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
无锡4
|
WX11,13
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
11
|
10
|
13
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
WXE
|
WX10
|
16
|
12
|
16
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
16
|
15
|
19
|
11
|
13
|
13
|
O1a1a1a-F140+, F492-
|
|
WXF
|
WX12
|
15
|
12
|
16
|
23
|
10
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
19
|
16
|
17
|
19
|
13
|
12
|
18
|
O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
|
|
WXG
|
WX14
|
14
|
14
|
17
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
11
|
11
|
19
|
16
|
17
|
21
|
13
|
10
|
13
|
N-M231
|
|
WXH
|
WX15
|
15
|
13
|
16
|
25
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
18
|
22
|
10
|
13
|
18
|
O1b1a1a-M95
|
|
无锡5
|
WXD
|
WX09
|
15
|
14
|
17
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
16
|
18
|
21
|
11
|
13
|
17
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
无锡6
|
WXI
|
WX16-17
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
23
|
10
|
12
|
12
|
15
|
10
|
13
|
19
|
15
|
17
|
19
|
12
|
12
|
16
|
O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
|
|
无锡7
|
WXJ
|
WX18-21
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
25
|
9
|
13
|
12
|
15
|
10
|
11
|
21
|
15
|
18
|
22
|
12
|
10
|
22
|
O2a2b-P164+, M134-
|
表2
17Y-STR和SNP类型的分型结果
Tab.2
The genotyping results of 17Y-STR and SNP
|
家族
|
支系
|
样本编号
|
G_DYS19
|
B_DYS389I
|
B_DYS389II
|
B_DYS390
|
Y_DYS391
|
Y_DYS392
|
Y_DYS393
|
R_DYS437
|
R_DYS438
|
Y_DYS439
|
R_DYS448
|
B_DYS456
|
G_DYS458
|
Y_DYS635
|
R_Y_GATA_H4
|
G_DYS385a
|
G_DYS385b
|
SNP单倍群
|
|
洛阳1
|
SMG
|
SMG01-3
|
15
|
14
|
16
|
24
|
9
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
14
|
21
|
13
|
13
|
18
|
O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
|
|
SMG04-8
|
15
|
14
|
17
|
24
|
9
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
14
|
21
|
13
|
13
|
18
|
O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
|
|
SMG09-11
|
15
|
14
|
17
|
24
|
9
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
14
|
21
|
13
|
13
|
19
|
O1b-M268+, P31+, PK4-, M176-
|
|
洛阳2
|
WGD
|
WGD01-2
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
19
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD03-7
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD08-9
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
13
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD10
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
11
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
WGD11
|
17
|
13
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
10
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
9
|
20
|
15
|
16
|
20
|
12
|
12
|
20
|
C2-M217
|
|
无锡1
|
WXA
|
WX03
|
17
|
12
|
17
|
24
|
10
|
13
|
12
|
15
|
10
|
12
|
21
|
15
|
17
|
21
|
12
|
14
|
18
|
O2a2*-P201
|
|
WXB
|
WX04
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
15
|
19
|
20
|
11
|
19
|
19
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
WX05-7
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
15
|
18
|
20
|
11
|
19
|
19
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
WX08
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
15
|
18
|
20
|
11
|
19
|
20
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
绍兴
|
SX
|
SX
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
夏县
|
XX
|
XX01-5
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
12
|
14
|
14
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
XX06
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
无锡2
|
WXC
|
WX01
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
18
|
17
|
16
|
19
|
12
|
10
|
13
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
无锡3
|
WX02
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
18
|
16
|
16
|
19
|
12
|
10
|
13
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
无锡4
|
WX11,13
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
23
|
11
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
18
|
17
|
15
|
19
|
11
|
10
|
13
|
O1a1a-P203
|
|
WXE
|
WX10
|
16
|
12
|
16
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
16
|
15
|
19
|
11
|
13
|
13
|
O1a1a1a-F140+, F492-
|
|
WXF
|
WX12
|
15
|
12
|
16
|
23
|
10
|
12
|
13
|
14
|
10
|
12
|
19
|
16
|
17
|
19
|
13
|
12
|
18
|
O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
|
|
WXG
|
WX14
|
14
|
14
|
17
|
23
|
10
|
14
|
13
|
14
|
11
|
11
|
19
|
16
|
17
|
21
|
13
|
10
|
13
|
N-M231
|
|
WXH
|
WX15
|
15
|
13
|
16
|
25
|
11
|
13
|
14
|
14
|
10
|
11
|
18
|
15
|
18
|
22
|
10
|
13
|
18
|
O1b1a1a-M95
|
|
无锡5
|
WXD
|
WX09
|
15
|
14
|
17
|
24
|
10
|
14
|
12
|
15
|
11
|
12
|
20
|
16
|
18
|
21
|
11
|
13
|
17
|
O2a2b1a1-M117
|
|
无锡6
|
WXI
|
WX16-17
|
14
|
12
|
16
|
23
|
10
|
12
|
12
|
15
|
10
|
13
|
19
|
15
|
17
|
19
|
12
|
12
|
16
|
O2a2b1-M134+, M117-
|
|
无锡7
|
WXJ
|
WX18-21
|
15
|
12
|
17
|
25
|
9
|
13
|
12
|
15
|
10
|
11
|
21
|
15
|
18
|
22
|
12
|
10
|
22
|
O2a2b-P164+, M134-
|
图5
司马光家族谱系图 1）此处“8▲”表示从司马逊到司马公鞼中间隔有8 代人,谱系图中类似地方也用数字表示间隔代数。2）此处“*”:《宋史》等资料记载司马康为司马光之子,然而其他私家著作（如苏轼《西楼贴·与堂兄三首》和邵雍《闻见录》）提到康是由光兄司马旦之子过继（详参颜中其《司马康为司马光兄亲子》,《古籍整理研究学刊》1988 年第3 期）,《梁溪司马氏宗谱》沿袭《宋史》观点。实际上,由于Y 染色体父系遗传的特点,司马康究竟是司马光或者是司马旦的子嗣不影响本文的结论。3）此处“?1”:根据家谱记载,司马池生卒时间为公元976-1041,与《司马光年谱》记载的公元979-1041 有差别,特此说明。4) 此处“?2”:根据家谱记载,司马康生卒时间为公元1052-1089 年,与《续资治通鉴长编》记载的公元1050-1090 年有差别,特此说明。5）此处“?3”:根据家谱,司马槙为司马康亲子,但《建炎以来系年要录》载司马光孙司马植死后,以“再从孙稹”继嗣,即司马槙可能并非司马植亲子。需要指出的是,《要录》中的“司马稹”与家谱中的“司马槙”应是同一人。6）此处“?4”:家谱记载司马宗召生卒时间为1156-1214,但后文又说“宗召于靖康（1127 年）中以遗荫佐无锡”,并且与其父司马枢的生卒时间（1074-1136）不符。同时,《建炎以来系年要录》记载,绍兴六年（1136 年）“吉州万安县丞司马宗召添差两浙路转运司干办公事”。因此,我们推断宗召生于“绍兴二十六年（公元1156 年）”一句有误。7）此处“?5”和“?6”:绍兴的这一支因没有家谱,已不清楚是司马光的几世孙。
Fig.5
The genealogical tree of Sima Guang family
图5
司马光家族谱系图 1）此处“8▲”表示从司马逊到司马公鞼中间隔有8 代人,谱系图中类似地方也用数字表示间隔代数。2）此处“*”:《宋史》等资料记载司马康为司马光之子,然而其他私家著作（如苏轼《西楼贴·与堂兄三首》和邵雍《闻见录》）提到康是由光兄司马旦之子过继（详参颜中其《司马康为司马光兄亲子》,《古籍整理研究学刊》1988 年第3 期）,《梁溪司马氏宗谱》沿袭《宋史》观点。实际上,由于Y 染色体父系遗传的特点,司马康究竟是司马光或者是司马旦的子嗣不影响本文的结论。3）此处“?1”:根据家谱记载,司马池生卒时间为公元976-1041,与《司马光年谱》记载的公元979-1041 有差别,特此说明。4) 此处“?2”:根据家谱记载,司马康生卒时间为公元1052-1089 年,与《续资治通鉴长编》记载的公元1050-1090 年有差别,特此说明。5）此处“?3”:根据家谱,司马槙为司马康亲子,但《建炎以来系年要录》载司马光孙司马植死后,以“再从孙稹”继嗣,即司马槙可能并非司马植亲子。需要指出的是,《要录》中的“司马稹”与家谱中的“司马槙”应是同一人。6）此处“?4”:家谱记载司马宗召生卒时间为1156-1214,但后文又说“宗召于靖康（1127 年）中以遗荫佐无锡”,并且与其父司马枢的生卒时间（1074-1136）不符。同时,《建炎以来系年要录》记载,绍兴六年（1136 年）“吉州万安县丞司马宗召添差两浙路转运司干办公事”。因此,我们推断宗召生于“绍兴二十六年（公元1156 年）”一句有误。7）此处“?5”和“?6”:绍兴的这一支因没有家谱,已不清楚是司马光的几世孙。
Fig.5
The genealogical tree of Sima Guang family
|
Clan
|
EMR
|
lmMR
|
OMRB
|
OMRS
|
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
|
SX-WXC-XX
|
4371.3
|
569.2-31873.6
|
1160.7
|
159.5-7616.8
|
1147.6
|
157.3-7545.2
|
911.6
|
121.9-6086.5
|
|
SX-WXC
|
4405.4
|
353.1-48602.5
|
1145.7
|
87.6-12491.4
|
1120.5
|
85.9-12328.3
|
898.0
|
66.1-10179.8
|
|
SX-XX
|
1204.4
|
50.0-16042.0
|
328.3
|
12.6-4604.3
|
312.7
|
12.1-4392.6
|
247.3
|
9.3-3589.0
|
|
WXC-XX
|
4446.4
|
553.3-32870.1
|
1213.3
|
156.0-8263.8
|
1182.5
|
152.2-8083.7
|
948.9
|
119.2-6623.7
|
|
WXC
|
3833.7
|
210.6-53229.6
|
1007.8
|
48.2-15604.5
|
978.1
|
45.8-15397.8
|
774.5
|
34.8-12630.9
|
|
XX
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
---
|
--
|
--
|
表3
目标支系共祖时间的估计
Tab.3
The TMRCA of objective clans
|
Clan
|
EMR
|
lmMR
|
OMRB
|
OMRS
|
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
TMRCA
|
95% CI
|
|
SX-WXC-XX
|
4371.3
|
569.2-31873.6
|
1160.7
|
159.5-7616.8
|
1147.6
|
157.3-7545.2
|
911.6
|
121.9-6086.5
|
|
SX-WXC
|
4405.4
|
353.1-48602.5
|
1145.7
|
87.6-12491.4
|
1120.5
|
85.9-12328.3
|
898.0
|
66.1-10179.8
|
|
SX-XX
|
1204.4
|
50.0-16042.0
|
328.3
|
12.6-4604.3
|
312.7
|
12.1-4392.6
|
247.3
|
9.3-3589.0
|
|
WXC-XX
|
4446.4
|
553.3-32870.1
|
1213.3
|
156.0-8263.8
|
1182.5
|
152.2-8083.7
|
948.9
|
119.2-6623.7
|
|
WXC
|
3833.7
|
210.6-53229.6
|
1007.8
|
48.2-15604.5
|
978.1
|
45.8-15397.8
|
774.5
|
34.8-12630.9
|
|
XX
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
---
|
--
|
--
|
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