Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Jersey, NJ, United States.
Department of Psychology, Ithaca College, New York, NY, United States.
Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Szeged University, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
生态心理学和Enactivism都挑战了代表主义的认知科学,但是这两种方法才刚刚开始进行对话。需要进一步澄清概念,其中差异与共同点同样重要。本文着重讨论重要差异,以此进入对话。在简要介绍了生态心理学和Envitism的平行历史后,我们涵盖了他们之间的感觉和知觉理论之间的不兼容。首先,我们说明了生态理论中感知的方式和原因,而实际上并非基于感觉。我们通过研究这两个领域的生物学根源来阐明这一思想,重点是吉布森,瓦雷拉和曼塔拉纳。我们通过详述两个主题来阐述对任何基于感觉的感知方法的生态批评:单细胞生物中的经典视网膜图像理论和知觉。第二个要点强调了生物与环境相互关系的概念及其与感觉和运动行为的结构耦合的区别。我们指出了生态现象学的研究方法是如何从共生中发展出来的,并将吉布森的视觉运动学观念与梅洛-庞蒂的活体观念进行了比较。第三,我们得出的结论是,生态心理学和各种环保主义正在为追求相关目标铺平道路。因此,鉴于它们相互矛盾的假设,不可能实现生态心理学和Envitism的融合,但是交叉施肥是可能的并且是理想的。第二个要点强调了生物与环境相互关系的概念及其与感觉和运动行为的结构耦合的区别。我们指出了生态现象学的研究方法是如何从共生中发展出来的,并将吉布森的视觉运动学观念与梅洛-庞蒂的活体观念进行了比较。第三,我们得出的结论是,生态心理学和各种环保主义正在为追求相关目标铺平道路。因此,鉴于它们相互矛盾的假设,不可能实现生态心理学和Envitism的融合,但是交叉施肥是可能的并且是理想的。第二个要点强调了生物与环境相互关系的概念及其与感觉和运动行为的结构耦合的区别。我们指出了生态现象学的研究方法是如何从共生中发展出来的,并将吉布森的视觉运动学观念与梅洛-庞蒂的活体观念进行了比较。第三,我们得出结论,生态心理学和多种多样的积极主义正在为追求相关目标铺平道路。因此,鉴于它们相互矛盾的假设,不可能实现生态心理学和Envitism的融合,但是交叉施肥是可能的并且是理想的。视觉运动的观念与Merleau-Ponty的活体观念有关。第三,我们得出结论,生态心理学和多种多样的积极主义正在为追求相关目标铺平道路。因此,鉴于它们相互矛盾的假设,不可能实现生态心理学和Envitism的融合,但是交叉施肥是可能的并且是理想的。视觉运动的观念与Merleau-Ponty的活体观念有关。第三,我们得出结论,生态心理学和多种多样的积极主义正在为追求相关目标铺平道路。因此,鉴于它们相互矛盾的假设,不可能实现生态心理学和Envitism的融合,但是交叉施肥是可能的并且是理想的。
Ecological Psychology and Enactivism both challenge representationist cognitive science, but the two approaches have only begun to engage in dialogue. Further conceptual clarification is required in which differences are as important as common ground. This paper enters the dialogue by focusing on important differences. After a brief account of the parallel histories of Ecological Psychology and Enactivism, we cover incompatibility between them regarding their theories of sensation and perception. First, we show how and why in ecological theory perception is, crutially, not based on sensation. We elucidate this idea by examining the biological roots of work in the two fields, concentrating on Gibson and Varela and Maturana. We expound an ecological critique of any sensation based approach to perception by detailing two topics: classic retinal image theories and perception in single-celled organisms. The second main point emphasizes the importance of the idea of organism-environment mutuality and its difference from structural coupling of sensations and motor behavior. We point out how ecological-phenomenological methods of inquiry grow out of mutualism and compare Gibson's idea of visual kinesthesis to Merleau-Ponty's idea of the lived body. Third, we conclude that Ecological Psychology and varieties of Enactivism are laying down different paths to pursue related goals. Thus, convergence of Ecological Psychology and Enactivism is not possible given their conflicting assumptions, but cross-fertilization is possible and desirable.