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Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2023 Jun 28; 48(6): 821–828.
PMCID: PMC10930439

Language: Chinese | English

吗替麦考酚酯减轻四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝纤维化

Effect of mycophenolate mofetil alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice

丁 鹏 , # 1, 2 张 朋朋 , # 1, 2 李 皓 , 1, 2 and 明 英姿 corresponding author 1, 2

丁 鹏

中南大学湘雅三医院器官移植中心, 410013

国家卫生健康委员会移植医学工程技术研究中心, 410013

Find articles by 丁 鹏

张 朋朋

中南大学湘雅三医院器官移植中心, 410013

国家卫生健康委员会移植医学工程技术研究中心, 410013

Find articles by 张 朋朋

李 皓

中南大学湘雅三医院器官移植中心, 410013

国家卫生健康委员会移植医学工程技术研究中心, 410013

Find articles by 李 皓

明 英姿

中南大学湘雅三医院器官移植中心, 410013

国家卫生健康委员会移植医学工程技术研究中心, 中南大学湘雅三医院器官移植中心, 410013

国家卫生健康委员会移植医学工程技术研究中心, 410013
corresponding author Corresponding author.
# Contributed equally.
明英姿 ,Email: moc.nuyila@anihc_zym , ORCID: 0000-0002-3004-4405
丁鹏 ,Email: moc.qq@927528194 , ORCID: 0009-0002-6871-896X
GAPDH F:5'-AGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAGGCATCT-3'R:5'-CGGCATCGAAGGTGGAAGAGTG-3' F:5'-AGACAGGCGAACAAGGTGACAGA-3'R:5'-CAGGAGAACCAGGAGAACCAGGAG-3' α-SMA F:5'-GTACCACCATGTACCCAGGC-3'R:5'-GCTGGAAGGTAGACAGCGAA-3' TGF-β1 F:5'-CCCGAAGCGGACTACTATGC-3'R:5'-CATAGATGGCGTTGTTGCGG-3'

F:正向;R:反向。

1.5. 统计学处理

应用SPSS 19.0软件学软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差( ± s )表示,组间比较采用方差分析, P <0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2. 结 果

2.1. 小鼠血清 ALT AST 水平

CCl 4 组血清ALT和AST水平较空白对照组明显升高,CCl 4 +MMF组较CCl 4 组降低,差异均有统计学意义(均 P <0.05, 图1 )。

各组小鼠血清 AST ALT 水平

Figure 1 Serum AST and ALT levels in the different groups

A: Serum AST levels; B: Serum ALT levels. ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; CCl 4 : Carbon tetrachloride.

2.2. 小鼠肝组织的纤维化程度

小鼠肝组织Masson染色结果表明:与空白对照组相比,CCl 4 组中肝小叶汇管区有大量蓝色的胶原纤维包裹肝小叶,提示明显肝纤维化;但在CCl 4 +MMF组中,蓝色胶原纤维明显减少,并主要聚集于肝小叶汇管区,肝纤维化程度较CCl 4 组轻( 图2 )。

各组小鼠肝 Masson 染色结果

Figure 2 Result of Masson staining of mouse liver in the different groups

A: No collagen fibers in the blank control group; B: No collagen fibers in the MMF group; C: Abundant collagen fibers surrounding the hepatic lobules in the CCl 4 group; D: Lower collagen fibers in the CCl 4 +MMF group compared with the CCl 4 group; E: Statistic results of collagen fibers in the 4 groups. ** P <0.01. MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; CCl 4 : Carbon tetrachloride.

2.3. 小鼠肝组织中 COL1 沉积情况

免疫组织化学染色显示:与空白对照组相比,CCl 4 组肝内大量表达COL1( P <0.001),而CCl 4 +MMF组表达的COL1明显减少( P <0.01, 图3 )。

各组小鼠肝 COL1 免疫组织化学染色结果

Figure 3 Collagen I in mouse liver by immunohistochemistry staining in the different groups

A: Only little COL1 expression in the control group; B: Only little COL1 expression in the MMF group; C: A larger number of COL1 expression in the CCl 4 group; D: Little COL1 expression in the CCl 4 +MMF group; E. Statistic results of COL1 expression in the 4 groups. ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; CCl 4 : Carbon tetrachloride; COL1: Collagen I.

2.4. 小鼠肝组织中 TGF-β1 α-SMA 的蛋白质表达水平

蛋白质印迹法结果显示:与空白对照组比较,CCl 4 组的TGF-β1表达升高( P <0.01),α-SMA蛋白表达升高,但差异无统计学意义( P >0.05);与CCl 4 组相比,CCl 4 +MMF组TGF-β1和α-SMA蛋白表达明显降低(分别 P <0.001, P <0.05; 图4 );空白对照组与MMF组的TGF-β1和α-SMA蛋白质表达水平差异均无统计学意义(均 P >0.05)。

蛋白质印迹法检测小鼠肝组织 TGF-β1 α-SMA 的蛋白质表达水平

Figure 4 Protein levels of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in mouse liver detected by Western blotting

A: Protein levels of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the control group and the MMF group; B: Protein levels of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the blank control group and the CCl 4 group; C: Protein levels of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the CCl 4 group and the CCl 4 +MMF group; D: Histogram of protein levels of TGF-β1 in the blank control group and the CCl 4 group; E: Histogram of protein levels of α-SMA in the blank control group and the CCl 4 group; F: Histogram of protein levels of TGF-β1 in the CCl 4 group and the CCl 4 +MMF group; G: Histogram of protein levels of α-SMA in the CCl 4 group and the CCl 4 +MMF group. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; CCl 4 : Carbon tetrachloride; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-β1; α-SMA: Alpha-smooth muscle actin.

2.5. 小鼠肝组织中 TGF-β1 α-SMA mRNA 表达

CCl 4 组小鼠肝组织中 TGF-β1 α-SMA COL1 的mRNA相对表达量均高于CCl 4 +MMF组,且差异均有统计学意义(均 P <0.05, 图5 )。

CCl 4 组和 CCl 4 +MMF 组小鼠肝组织 TGF-β1 α-SMA mRNA 表达水平

Figure 5 Expression levels of TGF-β1 , α-SMA , and COL1 mRNA in mouse liver in the CCl 4 mouse group and the CCl 4 +MMF group

A: TGF-β1 mRNA levels; B: α-SMA mRNA levels; C: COL1 mRNA levels. * P <0.05. CCl 4 : Carbon tetrachloride; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-beta 1; α-SMA: Alpha-smooth muscle actin; COL1: Collagen I.

3. 讨 论

肝纤维化是慢性肝病的一种常见病理后果 [ 9 ] ,其机制主要为在慢性肝损伤过程中,ECM的产生速率超过其降解速率,其特点是基质蛋白的生成大于基质重塑,纤维间隔的逐渐增厚和胶原的化学交联最终导致纤维化 [ 1 , 10 ] 。在肝纤维化的病理生理学中,其核心过程便是肝星状细胞的激活 [ 11 ] ,TGF-β1是肝星状细胞最重要的激活因子,TGF-β1主要由肝巨噬细胞分泌 [ 12 ] 。在炎症状态下,肝巨噬细胞会分泌大量的TGF-β1等促炎和成纤维介质,激活肝星状细胞,促进肝纤维化的发生和发展 [ 13 - 14 ] 。因此,肝巨噬细胞与慢性肝损伤的进展密切相关,是预防及治疗肝纤维化的重要环节 [ 15 ] 。所以,识别这些细胞中的特异性抗炎通路可作为设计治疗肝纤维化新策略的基础。 α-SMA是哺乳动物组织中表达的一种平滑肌肌动蛋白,在肝中除大血管周围的平滑肌细胞及激活的肝星状细胞外,其他肝细胞均不含α-SMA,所以 α-SMA是肝星状细胞激活最可靠的标志 [ 16 ] 。在肝纤维化进展中,活化的肝星状细胞分泌多种类型的胶原,其中COL1是肝纤维化临床表现中最丰富和最重要的一种因子,因此,COL1能作为肝纤维化指标 [ 17 ]

器官移植是终末期器官衰竭最有效的治疗方法,为减轻排斥反应,术后需要长期规律服用免疫抑制剂 [ 2 ] 。既往的研究 [ 18 - 20 ] 报道多表明免疫抑制剂可通过导致移植后代谢综合征、感染和药物性肝损伤等并发症促进肝纤维化的进展;与此相反的是,最近研究 [ 21 ] 指出某些免疫抑制剂可抑制肝纤维化,改善肝功能。Manojlovic等 [ 5 ] 发现FK506可预防乙醇/CCl 4 诱导的大鼠肝纤维化的发生,其机制为FK506通过影响胶原合成的La核糖核蛋白结构域家族成员6(La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6,LAP6)依赖性通路直接靶向胶原合成,导致活化肝星状细胞缺乏而抑制肝纤维化。研究 [ 22 ] 发现mTOR抑制剂西罗莫司和依维莫司可减轻肝纤维化,降低门静脉压力,减少腹水,并强效下调促纤维化基因的表达;Biecker等 [ 23 ] 亦发现这一现象,认为此为雷帕霉素通过抑制mTOR来抑制细胞增殖,进而使促纤维细胞因子的产生减少,最终减轻肝纤维化。MMF在实体器官移植术后常联合钙调磷酸酶类免疫抑制剂预防或治疗排斥反应。虽然目前暂无研究发现其对肝损伤与肝纤维化的影响,但在平滑肌细胞、肾小管细胞、系膜细胞和成纤维细胞等细胞系体外研究 [ 24 ] 中发现MMF的主要活性成分霉酚酸(mycophenolic acid,MPA)可减少甚至抑制增殖刺激反应引起的增殖,起到抗纤维化作用。Chang等 [ 8 ] 发现在大鼠肾成纤维细胞中,MPA通过刺激肿瘤坏死因子-α抑制趋化因子CCL2的产生,从而抑制肾成纤维细胞的增殖,同时还诱导了这些细胞的凋亡,这表明MPA具有抗肾纤维化作用。此外,Guo等 [ 7 ] 研究发现MMF治疗可降低诱发性系统性红斑狼疮小鼠肺组织中 TGF-β1 基因的表达和蛋白质合成,提示MMF对治疗狼疮引起的肺纤维化有很大的潜力。

本研究探讨了MMF对肝功能的影响。近年有研究 [ 25 ] 报道:在使用MMF后,13.9%的肾移植受者AST和ALT水平会升高,而在减少MMF剂量或停用后,AST和ALT水平逐渐下降至正常水平。与上述观点相反的是,Ferjani等 [ 26 ] 发现MMF对FK506所致的大鼠肾毒性和肝毒性有保护作用。本实验发现CCl 4 +MMF组小鼠的ALT与AST较CCl 4 组下降,提示MMF可减轻慢性肝损伤;同时,CCl 4 +MMF组小鼠肝组织的肝纤维化程度较CCl 4 组减轻,说明MMF能缓解CCl 4 导致的小鼠肝纤维化。Djamali等 [ 27 ] 发现MPA可能通过核因子κB通路抑制TGF-β1引起的NADPH氧化酶-2活化来减轻移植肾纤维化。为了进一步研究MMF对肝纤维化影响的机制,本研究用蛋白质印迹法及real-time PCR法检测3组小鼠肝组织中α-SMA和TGF-β1蛋白质的表达及转录水平,结果显示:与CCl 4 组相比,CCl 4 +MMF组肝内TGF-β1蛋白和mRNA的表达水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义;与CCl 4 组相比,CCl 4 +MMF组肝内α-SMA蛋白变化有上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义,其mRNA的表达水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义。因此推测MMF可能通过抑制巨噬细胞中 TGF-β1 基因的表达和蛋白质合成来抑制肝星状细胞激活,从而降低肝纤维化。

综上所述,本研究证实MMF能减轻CCl 4 诱导的小鼠肝纤维化程度,其机制可能是通过抑制巨噬细胞中 TGF-β1 的基因表达及蛋白质合成来减缓肝纤维化的进程。本研究有望为肝纤维化的防治提供新的思路。同时MMF作为器官移植后的常用免疫抑制剂,其降低肝纤维化作用可为器官移植患者个体化使用免疫抑制剂提供参考。

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(81771722,82100695);湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ40759)。

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (81771722, 82100695) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ40759), China.

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

丁鹏 实验实施、数据整理、论文构想及撰写;张朋朋 数据整理、统计分析及论文修改;李皓 实验实施、论文修改;明英姿 论文修改及研究指导。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202306821.pdf

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