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Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2023 Jun 18; 55(3): 450–455.
Published online 2023 Apr 23. Chinese. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.03.010
PMCID: PMC10258053

Language: Chinese | English

自我效能在2型糖尿病患者自我管理能力和自我管理行为间的中介效应

Mediating effect of self-efficacy on self-management ability and self-management behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

张 晓悦

北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育系,北京 100191, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China

Find articles by 张 晓悦

林 雨欣

北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育系,北京 100191, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China

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蒋 莹

北京一蜂科技有限公司,北京 100020, Bee Technology Limited Company, Beijing 100020, China

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张 蓝超

北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育系,北京 100191, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China

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董 芒艳

侯马市人民医院内分泌科,山西侯马 043011, Department of Endocrinology, Houma People' s Hospital, Houma 043011, Shanxi, China

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池 海谊

呼和浩特市第一医院内分泌科,呼和浩特 010030, Department of Endocrinology, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot 010030, China

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董 浩宇

长治医学院附属和平医院内分泌科,山西长治 046000, Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, China

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马 利军

大同市新荣区人民医院内分泌科,山西大同 037002, Department of Endocrinology, People' s Hospital of Xinrong District, Datong 037002, Shanxi, China

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李 智婧

北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育系,北京 100191, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China

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常 春

北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育系,北京 100191, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China 北京大学公共卫生学院社会医学与健康教育系,北京 100191, Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China 北京一蜂科技有限公司,北京 100020, Bee Technology Limited Company, Beijing 100020, China 侯马市人民医院内分泌科,山西侯马 043011, Department of Endocrinology, Houma People' s Hospital, Houma 043011, Shanxi, China 呼和浩特市第一医院内分泌科,呼和浩特 010030, Department of Endocrinology, Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot 010030, China 长治医学院附属和平医院内分泌科,山西长治 046000, Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, China 大同市新荣区人民医院内分泌科,山西大同 037002, Department of Endocrinology, People' s Hospital of Xinrong District, Datong 037002, Shanxi, China Self-management behavior, x ± s 6.30±1.505.95±1.256.16±1.412.710.007  Blood glucose monitoring5.98±2.335.44±1.765.76±2.132.830.005  Medication adherence7.09±2.376.73±2.226.94±2.321.700.090  Diet control6.43±1.926.19±1.696.33±1.831.480.140  Physical activity6.34±2.095.92±2.056.16±2.082.220.027  Physician contact5.98±1.425.73±1.465.88±1.441.910.056Self-management ability, x ± s 4.02±0.763.94±0.723.99±0.741.290.197Self-efficacy, x ± s 7.02±1.967.09±1.817.05±1.90-0.410.679

2.3. 自我效能和自我管理行为及自我管理能力的相关性分析和中介检验

Pearson相关性分析结果显示,自我效能得分与自我管理能力得分( r =0.33)以及自我管理行为( r =0.47)得分呈正相关关系( P < 0.01),见 图 1

自我效能在患者自我管理能力与自我管理行为间的中介效应分析

Mediating effect of the self-efficacy in the association between self-management ability and self-management behaviors in patients

** P < 0.01. SMA, self-management ability; SMB, self-management behavior; SE, self-efficacy. Model controlled for age, gender, marriage, ethnicity, occupational status, education attainment and household registration.

采用依次检验法,在控制协变量后,回归模型1中自我管理能力对自我管理行为有影响( β 1 = 0.34, P < 0.01),模型2中自我管理能力对自我效能有影响( β 2 = 0.32, P < 0.01),在模型3纳入自我效能后,自我管理能力对自我管理行为的回归系数( β 3 = 0.21, P < 0.01)下降, 结果表明自我效能在自我管理能力和自我管理行为间存在中介效应,见 图 1

在各维度行为得分中,在模型3纳入自我效能后,血糖监测行为( β 3 = 0.12, P < 0.05)、遵医用药行为( β 3 = 0.14, P < 0.05)、饮食控制行为( β 3 = 0.13, P < 0.05)、体育锻炼行为( β 3 = 0.19, P < 0.01)的回归系数均有下降,结果表明自我效能在自我管理能力和各维度行为间存在中介效应,见 图 2

自我效能在自我管理能力与各维度自我管理行为间的中介效应分析

Mediating effect of the self-efficacy in the association between self-management ability and various dimensions of self-management behaviors

* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. SMA, self-management ability; BGM, blood glucose monitoring; SE, self-efficacy; MA, medication adherence; DC, diet control; PA, physical activity; PC, physician contact. Model controlled for age, gender, marriage, ethnicity, occupational status, education attainment and household registration.

2.4. 中介效应的Sobel检验和Bootstrap检验

由于Sobel检验和Bootstrap检验结果近乎相同,因此,本研究只报告了Sobel检验的结果和Bootstrap检验的置信区间。Sobel检验结果显示,在自我管理能力对自我管理行为的影响中,自我效能的中介效应占总效应的38.28%( P < 0.01)。对于各维度行为,自我效能的中介效应分别占血糖监测行为总效应的43.45%、遵医用药行为的40.32%、饮食控制行为的52.63%、体育锻炼行为的31.82%,中介效应显著( P < 0.01),见 表 3

表 3

自我效能中介效应的Sobel检验和Bootstrap检验

Sobel tests and Bootstrap tests of mediating effect for self-efficacy

Sobel test Total effect Direct effect Indirect effect Bootstrap 95% CI Proportion of mediating effect
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. SMA, self-management ability; SMB, self-management behavior; BGM, blood glucose monitoring; MA, medication adherence; DC, diet control; PA, physical activity; PC, physician contact.
Model 1
SMA→SMB 0.66 ** 0.41 ** 0.25 ** 0.17, 0.35 37.58%
SMA→BGM 0.66 ** 0.40 * 0.27 ** 0.16, 0.41 40.27%
SMA→MA 0.83 ** 0.52 ** 0.31 ** 0.19, 0.45 37.51%
SMA→DC 0.69 ** 0.33 ** 0.35 ** 0.25, 0.49 51.45%
SMA→PA 0.76 ** 0.51 ** 0.25 ** 0.16, 0.40 33.13%
SMA→PC 0.38 ** 0.32 ** 0.06 0.00, 0.12 15.01%
Model 2 (Controlled for social-demographic variables)
SMA→SMB 0.64 ** 0.39 ** 0.24 ** 0.17, 0.34 38.28%
SMA→BGM 0.62 ** 0.35 * 0.27 ** 0.17, 0.43 43.45%
SMA→MA 0.75 ** 0.45 * 0.30 ** 0.19, 0.45 40.32%
SMA→DC 0.67 ** 0.32 * 0.35 ** 0.26, 0.49 52.63%
SMA→PA 0.76 ** 0.52 ** 0.24 ** 0.14, 0.37 31.82%
SMA→PC 0.37 ** 0.31 * 0.05 -0.001, 0.12 14.88%

2.5. 不同病程患者自我效能的中介作用检验

对于病程≤ 5年的患者,自我效能的中介效应在自我管理能力对自我管理行为的总效应中占40.99% ( P < 0.01)。对于病程> 5年的人,自我效能的中介效应占总效应的39.20% ( P < 0.01)。

在各维度行为中,病程≤ 5年的患者的血糖监测行为(47.51%)、遵医用药行为(47.60%)和饮食控制行为(64.25%)自我效能的中介效应高于病程>5年的患者( P < 0.01)。然而,在随诊行为中,自我效能的中介效应仅在病程> 5年的患者中存在(47.54%, P < 0.05),见 表 4

表 4

不同病程患者自我效能中介效应的Sobel检验和Bootstrap检验

Sobel tests and Bootstrap tests of mediating effect for self-efficacy in patients with different disease courses

Sobel test Total effect Direct effect Indirect effect Bootstrap 95% CI Proportion of mediating effect
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. SMA, self-management ability; SMB, self-management behavior; BGM, blood glucose monitoring; MA, medication adherence; DC, diet control; PA, physical activity; PC, physician contact.
Course ≤ 5 years
SMA→SMB 0.68 ** 0.40 ** 0.28 ** 0.18, 0.42 40.99%
SMA→BGM 0.77 ** 0.40 * 0.37 ** 0.21, 0.58 47.51%
SMA→MA 0.72 ** 0.38 * 0.34 ** 0.18, 0.56 47.60%
SMA→DC 0.66 ** 0.24 0.42 ** 0.27, 0.62 64.25%
SMA→PA 0.78 ** 0.52 * 0.26 ** 0.15, 0.46 33.89%
SMA→PC 0.44 ** 0.44 ** 0.01 -0.07, 0.10 2.04%
Course > 5 years
SMA→SMB 0.51 ** 0.31 * 0.20 ** 0.08, 0.34 39.20%
SMA→BGM 0.31 0.18 0.14 * 0.02, 0.31 43.75%
SMA→MA 0.45 ** 0.28 * 0.16 * 0.12, 0.53 36.45%
SMA→DC 0.63 ** 0.35 * 0.28 * 0.10, 0.47 44.54%
SMA→PA 0.74 ** 0.47 * 0.27 * 0.09, 0.38 36.46%
SMA→PC 0.20 0.11 0.10 * 0.01, 0.20 47.54%

3. 讨论

自我管理是多维复杂的现象且动态变化的过程,在此过程中患者需要具备充足的知识和技能,将个人意识转化为行动,以达到疾病控制的效果。自我管理行为对于糖尿病疾病控制的重要性已经得到广泛证实,然而行为的复杂性和各种因素的驱使,使得行为带来的结果呈现多样特征 [ 13 ] ,例如,即使患者没有严格按照标准进行自我管理,依旧可以维持较稳定的血糖状况。然而,多项研究表明,未采纳自我管理行为的患者,患并发症的风险更高,如糖尿病肾病、糖尿病足等,且这种影响是长期的,因此,积极开展自我管理,仍是有效控制疾病的关键 [ 14 ] 。本研究中,患者自我管理行为得分为6.16±1.41,且病程较短的患者自我管理行为得分越好。麻倩等 [ 15 ] 针对269例2型糖尿病患者的一项调查发现,患者自我管理行为得分率为64.35%,本研究为61.6%,表明患者自我管理行为仍处于较低水平。

本研究发现自我效能与自我管理能力和自我管理行为正相关,且在二者间存在中介效应,自我效能不仅直接影响行为本身,还通过自我管理能力发挥间接作用,这与Lee等 [ 16 ] 的研究一致。患者自我管理能力是个人将对疾病的认知和知识转化为行为的必要因素,但大部分患者在采纳某些行为时,并不认为自己是积极主动参与,而是被动接受或被迫完成的任务,缺乏积极性和自主性,这也是患者自我管理行为不佳的重要原因 [ 17 ] ,因此,提升患者自我效能能够发挥患者的主观能动性,自我效能较高的患者,在疾病管理中有更多信心应对障碍,最终影响行为结果 [ 7 , 18 ] 。自我效能的中介作用在各维度行为间存在差异。丁贤彬等 [ 19 ] 和张洁等 [ 20 ] 的研究表明,患者的自我效能在血糖监测和体育锻炼等行为中相对较差,而本研究则发现自我效能对于自我管理能力的影响在血糖监测、用药和饮食等方面更为突出,相较于其他行为而言,该类行为受到诸如医疗资源、时间等客观因素的影响较小,患者的内在能动性对于行为的长期坚持能够发挥更大作用。

相较于长病程患者而言,患病时间较短的患者对于疾病控制的积极程度更高,往往会主动寻求外界支持与帮助,以提升自我管理的能力和水平 [ 13 ] 。既往研究表明,病情稳定的患者,伴随长病程的发展,患者的自我效能会逐渐下降 [ 9 ] ,因此,在不同病程时期,针对患者的疾病需求,有针对性地开展相关干预活动或为其提供外界支持,对提升患者自我效能和维持良好的疾病管理水平具有重要意义。

本研究存在一定的局限性,首先,为横断面研究设计,无法做出因果推断; 其次,采用方便抽样法,患者自愿参加调查而非随机抽样,且主要选取我国中西部地区的患者,样本的代表性有限。

综上所述,患者自我管理行为还处于较低水平,经不同中介检验方法验证,在不同病程患者中,自我效能在自我管理能力和自我管理行为间均存在中介效应,且在饮食控制、血糖监测以及用药依从等行为中发挥着更大作用。对于病程较短的患者来说,提升其自我效能,对自我管理行为的采纳和维持影响更为显著。未来可以针对早期患病人群,基于其疾病管理需求,开展健康教育或健康促进活动。

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