Selenium Python Tutorial (with Example)

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9.121h6.964V8.95H3.214v.171zm.086.986V9.036h-.171v1.071H3.3zm6.879-.086H3.214v.172h6.964v-.171zm-.086-.986v1.071h.171V9.036h-.171z"/></g><defs><clippath id="AA"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h15v15H0z"/></clippath></defs></svg> </span> <span class="product-type">Test your websites</span> </li> <li> <a class="menu-item-live" href="/live" data-product="Live" aria-label="Live"> <div class="menu-icon-holder"> <span class="menu-icon-holder__exp"><svg alt="Icon for BrowserStack Live" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="SpeedBoatMenuLiveIconTitle SpeedBoatMenuLiveIconDesc" role="img"><title id="SpeedBoatMenuLiveIconTitle">BrowserStack Live Product Logo</title><desc id="SpeedBoatMenuLiveIconDesc">An illustration of Live Product logo</desc><path d="M20 6H2V4H20C21.1 4 22 4.9 22 6V17H24V20H10V17H20V6ZM1 8H7C7.55 8 8 8.45 8 9V19C8 19.55 7.55 20 7 20H1C0.450001 20 0 19.55 0 19V9C0 8.45 0.450001 8 1 8ZM2 17H6V10H2V17Z" fill="#333333"/></svg></span> </div> <div class="dropdown-link-wrapper"> <div class="dropdown-link-heading"> Live </div> <div class="dropdown-link-text"> Manual cross-browser testing </div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="menu-item-automate" href="/automate" data-product="Automate" aria-label="Automate"> <div class="menu-icon-holder"> <span class="menu-icon-holder__exp"><svg alt="Icon for BrowserStack Automate" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="SpeedBoatMenuAutomateIconTitle SpeedBoatMenuAutomateIconDesc" role="img"><title id="SpeedBoatMenuAutomateIconTitle">BrowserStack Automate Product Logo</title><desc id="SpeedBoatMenuAutomateIconDesc">An illustration of Automate Product logo</desc><path d="M1.99988 6H19.9999V12.5H21.9999V5.2C21.9999 4.53725 21.4626 4 20.7999 4H1.99988V6Z" fill="#333333"/><path d="M12.9999 17H9.99988V20H12.9999V17Z" fill="#333333"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.00012 8H7.00012C7.55012 8 8.00012 8.45 8.00012 9V19C8.00012 19.55 7.55012 20 7.00012 20H1.00012C0.450122 20 0.00012207 19.55 0.00012207 19V9C0.00012207 8.45 0.450122 8 1.00012 8ZM2.00012 17H6.00012V10H2.00012V17Z" fill="#333333"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M22.8552 19C22.8552 19.1719 22.8445 19.3333 22.8231 19.4896L23.8993 20.3125C24.0011 20.3854 24.0278 20.5156 23.9636 20.6302L22.9355 22.3594C22.8713 22.474 22.7374 22.5156 22.6196 22.474L21.3399 21.974C21.0775 22.1719 20.7884 22.3385 20.4725 22.4635L20.2797 23.7865C20.2637 23.9115 20.1566 24 20.0281 24H17.9719C17.8434 24 17.7417 23.9115 17.7149 23.7865L17.5222 22.4635C17.2063 22.3385 16.9225 22.1719 16.6547 21.974L15.375 22.474C15.2572 22.5104 15.1234 22.474 15.0591 22.3594L14.0311 20.6302C13.9722 20.526 13.9989 20.3854 14.0953 20.3125L15.1823 19.4896C15.1555 19.3333 15.1448 19.1615 15.1448 19C15.1448 18.8385 15.1662 18.6667 15.193 18.5104L14.106 17.6875C13.9989 17.6146 13.9775 17.4792 14.0418 17.3698L15.0645 15.6406C15.1287 15.526 15.2626 15.4844 15.3804 15.526L16.6601 16.026C16.9225 15.8333 17.2116 15.6615 17.5275 15.5365L17.7203 14.2135C17.7417 14.0885 17.8434 14 17.9719 14H20.0281C20.1566 14 20.2637 14.0885 20.2851 14.2135L20.4778 15.5365C20.7937 15.6615 21.0775 15.8281 21.3453 16.026L22.625 15.526C22.7428 15.4896 22.8766 15.526 22.9409 15.6406L23.9689 17.3698C24.0278 17.474 24.0011 17.6146 23.9047 17.6875L22.8177 18.5104C22.8445 18.6667 22.8552 18.8333 22.8552 19ZM17.0724 19C17.0724 20.0312 17.9398 20.875 19 20.875C20.0602 20.875 20.9276 20.0312 20.9276 19C20.9276 17.9688 20.0602 17.125 19 17.125C17.9398 17.125 17.0724 17.9688 17.0724 19Z" fill="#333333"/></svg></span> </div> <div class="dropdown-link-wrapper"> <div class="dropdown-link-heading"> Automate </div> <div class="dropdown-link-text"> Browser automation grid </div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="menu-item-percy" href="/percy" data-product="Percy" aria-label="Percy"> <div class="menu-icon-holder"> <span class="menu-icon-holder__exp"><svg alt="Icon for BrowserStack Percy" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="SpeedBoatMenuPercyIconTitle SpeedBoatMenuPercyIconDesc" role="img"><title id="SpeedBoatMenuPercyIconTitle">BrowserStack Percy Product Logo</title><desc id="SpeedBoatMenuPercyIconDesc">An illustration of Percy Product logo</desc><path d="M13.2196 4.03015C13.2196 3.47787 12.7719 3.03015 12.2196 3.03015C11.6673 3.03015 11.2196 3.47787 11.2196 4.03015V5.05912C10.11 5.14166 9.04853 5.39762 8.06239 5.78975L7.67139 4.86165C7.45698 4.35269 6.87056 4.11391 6.3616 4.32833C5.85263 4.54275 5.61386 5.12916 5.82828 5.63813L6.27424 6.69672C5.57578 7.1343 4.9358 7.64286 4.36792 8.20371L3.70698 7.54277C3.31646 7.15225 2.6833 7.15225 2.29277 7.54277C1.90225 7.9333 1.90225 8.56646 2.29277 8.95698L3.07921 9.74342C2.65827 10.3597 2.3158 11.01 2.06418 11.6774C1.97845 11.9047 1.97845 12.1556 2.06417 12.3829C3.40933 15.9508 7.35056 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class="menu-icon-holder__exp"><svg alt="Icon for BrowserStack Accessibility Toolkit" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="SpeedBoatMenuAccessibilityIconTitle SpeedBoatMenuAccessibilityIconDesc" role="img"><title id="SpeedBoatMenuAccessibilityIconTitle">BrowserStack Accessibility Toolkit Product Logo</title><desc id="SpeedBoatMenuAccessibilityIconDesc">An illustration of Accessibility Toolkit Product logo</desc><path d="M20.7543 7.01734C20.6146 6.45831 20.044 6.12407 19.4813 6.24841C17.1136 6.77161 14.4692 7 12 7C9.53076 7 6.88641 6.77161 4.51866 6.24841C3.956 6.12407 3.38542 6.45831 3.24566 7.01734C3.10929 7.56283 3.43481 8.1185 3.98311 8.24311C5.29888 8.54213 6.70982 8.76406 8.08568 8.91199C8.60215 8.96752 9 9.39915 9 9.91861V21C9 21.5523 9.44772 22 10 22C10.5523 22 11 21.5523 11 21V17C11 16.4477 11.4477 16 12 16C12.5523 16 13 16.4477 13 17V21C13 21.5523 13.4477 22 14 22C14.5523 22 15 21.5523 15 21V9.91861C15 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clip-path="url(#clip0_612_21136)"><path d="M1.125 15L7.875 15C8.17328 14.9997 8.45925 14.8811 8.67017 14.6702C8.88108 14.4593 8.9997 14.1733 9 13.875L9 1.5C8.99966 1.20174 8.88102 0.91579 8.67012 0.704886C8.45921 0.493981 8.17326 0.375345 7.875 0.375003L1.125 0.375002C0.826756 0.375404 0.54084 0.494059 0.329949 0.70495C0.119058 0.915841 0.000402667 1.20176 8.22579e-07 1.5L-2.59277e-07 13.875C0.000342127 14.1733 0.118978 14.4592 0.329882 14.6701C0.540787 14.881 0.826736 14.9997 1.125 15ZM1.125 13.875L1.125 1.5L7.875 1.5L7.875 13.875L1.125 13.875Z" fill="black"/><path d="M1.125 1.5L1.125 13.875L7.875 13.875L7.875 1.5M1.125 1.5L7.875 1.5M1.125 1.5L1.125 11.625M7.875 1.5L7.875 11.625M1.125 15L7.875 15C8.17328 14.9997 8.45925 14.8811 8.67017 14.6702C8.88108 14.4593 8.9997 14.1733 9 13.875L9 1.5C8.99966 1.20174 8.88102 0.91579 8.67012 0.704886C8.45921 0.493981 8.17326 0.375345 7.875 0.375003L1.125 0.375002C0.826756 0.375404 0.54084 0.494059 0.329949 0.70495C0.119058 0.915841 0.000402667 1.20176 8.22579e-07 1.5L-2.59277e-07 13.875C0.000342127 14.1733 0.118978 14.4592 0.329882 14.6701C0.540787 14.881 0.826736 14.9997 1.125 15Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="0.1536"/><circle cx="4.60687" cy="12.4582" r="0.676424" fill="black" stroke="black" stroke-width="0.1536"/></g><defs><clippath id="clip0_612_21136"><rect width="10" height="15" fill="white"/></clippath></defs></svg> </span> <span class="product-type">Test your mobile apps</span> </li> <li> <a class="menu-item-app-live" href="/app-live" data-product="App Live" aria-label="App Live"> <div class="menu-icon-holder menu-icon-app-live"> <span class="menu-icon-holder__exp"><svg alt="Icon for BrowserStack App Live" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="SpeedBoatMenuAppLiveIconTitle SpeedBoatMenuAppLiveIconDesc" role="img"><title id="SpeedBoatMenuAppLiveIconTitle">BrowserStack App Live Product Logo</title><desc id="SpeedBoatMenuAppLiveIconDesc">An illustration of App Live Product logo</desc><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10 20H4C3.44771 20 3 19.5523 3 19V3C3 2.44772 3.44772 2 4 2H13C13.5523 2 14 2.44772 14 3V6H20C20.5523 6 21 6.44772 21 7V21C21 21.5523 20.5523 22 20 22H11C10.4477 22 10 21.5523 10 21V20ZM5 17V5H12V6H11C10.4477 6 10 6.44772 10 7V17H5ZM12 19V9H19V19H12Z" fill="#333333"/></svg></span> </div> <div class="dropdown-link-wrapper"> <div class="dropdown-link-heading"> App Live </div> <div class="dropdown-link-text"> Manual real device testing </div> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a class="menu-item-app-automate" href="/app-automate" data-product="App Automate" aria-label="App Automate"> <div class="menu-icon-holder menu-icon-app-automate"> <span class="menu-icon-holder__exp"><svg alt="Icon for BrowserStack App Automate" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="SpeedBoatMenuAppAutomateIconTitle SpeedBoatMenuAppAutomateIconDesc" role="img"><title 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For testers worldwide, <a title="Selenium" href="https://www.browserstack.com/selenium" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Selenium</a> is the first choice for executing automated tests.</p><ul><li>Selenium is an open-source automation testing tool that supports several scripting languages like Python, C#, Java, Perl, Ruby, JavaScript, etc., depending on the application to be tested. One can choose the script accordingly.</li><li>As per <a title="StackOverflow 2023 annual survey" href="https://stackoverflow.blog/2023/06/13/developer-survey-results-are-in/#:~:text=Among%20the%20top%20ten%20programming,spot%20to%20take%20number%20three." target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">StackOverflow 2023 survey</a>, three popular languages increased their standing among the top ten programming languages this year.</li><li>Python has grown in popularity for the last three years, and this year it’s moved up one spot to take number three.</li></ul><p><img decoding="async" class="b-lazy b-lazy-hidden aligncenter wp-image-69179" title="Selenium tutorial Python Language 2023 Stats" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0naHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmcnIHZpZXdCb3g9JzAgMCAzIDInPjwvc3ZnPg==" data-lazy-type="image" data-id="69179" data-lazy-mob-srcset="https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-640x358.png 1x, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-768x430.png 2x" data-lazy-src="https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM.png" alt="Selenium tutorial Python Language 2023 Stats" width="571" height="320" data-lazy-srcset="https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM.png 1536w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-250x140.png 250w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-700x392.png 700w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-768x430.png 768w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-120x67.png 120w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-640x358.png 640w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-320x179.png 320w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px"/></p><noscript><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-69179" title="Selenium tutorial Python Language 2023 Stats" src="https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM.png" alt="Selenium tutorial Python Language 2023 Stats" width="571" height="320" srcset="https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM.png 1536w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-250x140.png 250w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-700x392.png 700w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-768x430.png 768w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-120x67.png 120w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-640x358.png 640w, https://browserstack.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Screenshot-2023-06-08-at-1.00.40-PM-320x179.png 320w" sizes="(max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px"/></noscript><p><strong>This guide post will function as a step-by-step Selenium Python tutorial to perform web automation testing</strong>.</p><ul><li>Selenium allows you to define tests and automatically detect the results of these tests on a pre-decided browser.</li><li>A suite of Selenium functions enables you to create step-by-step interactions with a webpage and assess the response of a browser to various changes.</li><li>You can then decide if the browser’s response aligns with your expectations.</li></ul><p>This post assumes that you do not have prior knowledge of Selenium. However, a basic understanding of front-end concepts like DOM and familiarity with Python is expected.</p><h3><strong>Pre-requisites to run Selenium Python tests</strong></h3><p>The installer pip is the easiest way to install Selenium with Python.</p><pre class="prettyprint">pip install selenium</pre><p>While the installation of Selenium makes the functionality available to you, you need additional drivers for it to be able to interface with a chosen web browser. The download links for the drivers are listed below:</p><ul><li><a title="Chromedriver" href="https://sites.google.com/chromium.org/driver/?pli=1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Chrome</a></li><li><a href="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">Edge</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Firefox</a></li><li><a href="https://webkit.org/blog/6900/webdriver-support-in-safari-10/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Safari</a></li></ul><p>For the remainder of this Python Selenium tutorial, we will use Chromedriver. Follow the link for the browser of your choice and download the driver for the compatible version.</p><p>If you only plan to test Selenium locally, downloading the package and drivers should suffice. However, if you would like to set Selenium up on a remote server, you would additionally need to install the Selenium Server. <a title="Difference between Selenium Standalone server and Selenium server" href="https://www.browserstack.com/guide/difference-between-selenium-standalone-server-and-selenium-server" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Selenium Server</a> is written in Java; you need JRE 1.6 or above to install it on your server. It is available on Selenium’s <a href="https://www.seleniumhq.org/download/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer">download page</a>.</p><div class="guide-highlight-section green-section"><p><strong>Also Read</strong>: <a href="https://www.browserstack.com/guide/run-selenium-tests-using-selenium-chromedriver" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to run Selenium tests on Chrome using ChromeDriver</a></p></div><h3><strong>Selenium Python example: How to run your first test?</strong></h3><p>Once you have completed the pre-requisites section, you can start your first test in Selenium with the Python programming language!</p><p><strong>1.</strong> First, import the WebDriver and Keys classes from Selenium.</p><pre class="prettyprint">from selenium import webdriver&#13; from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys</pre><p>The WebDriver class will connect you to a browser’s instance, which we will shortly cover. The Keys class lets you emulate the stroke of keyboard keys, including special keys like “<strong>Shift</strong>” and “<strong>Return</strong>”.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Next, create an instance of Chrome with the path of the driver you downloaded through the websites of the respective browser. This example assumes the driver is in the same directory as the Python script you will execute.</p><pre class="prettyprint">driver = webdriver.Chrome('./chromedriver')</pre><p>If you are testing on your local machine, this opens an instance of Chrome locally. This command lets you perform tests on it until you use the <strong>.close()</strong> method to end the connection to the browser.</p><p><strong>3.</strong> Next, use the <strong>.get()</strong> method of the driver to load a website. You may also load a local development site as this process is equivalent to opening a window of Chrome on your local machine, typing a URL, and hitting Enter. The <strong>.get()</strong> method starts loading a website and waits for it to render completely before moving on to the next step.</p><pre class="prettyprint">driver.get("https://www.python.org")</pre><p><strong>4.</strong> Once the page loads successfully, you can use the <strong>.title</strong> attribute to access the textual title of the webpage. If you wish to check whether the title contains a particular substring, use the assert or if statements. For simplicity, let us print the title of the page.</p><pre class="prettyprint">print(driver.title)</pre><p>The output is the following text:</p><pre class="prettyprint">Welcome to Python.org</pre><p>If you run the test on a Python interpreter, you notice that the Chrome browser window is still active. Also, a message on Chrome states that automated software is currently controlling it.</p><p><strong>5.</strong> Next, let us submit a query in the search bar. First, select the element from the HTML DOM, enter a value into it, and submit the form by emulating the Return key press. You can select the element using its CSS class, ID, name attribute, or tag name. If you check the source of the query search bar, you notice that the name attribute of this DOM element is “q”. Therefore, you can use the <strong>.find_element_by_name()</strong> method as follows to select the element.</p><pre class="prettyprint">search_bar = driver.find_element_by_name("q")</pre><p><strong>6.</strong> Once the DOM element is selected, you first need to clear its contents using the<strong> .clear()</strong> method, enter a string as its value using the <strong>.send_keys()</strong> method and finally, emulate the press of the Return key using<strong> Keys.RETURN</strong>.</p><pre class="prettyprint">search_bar.clear()&#13; search_bar.send_keys("getting started with python")&#13; search_bar.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)</pre><p>You notice in the window that these actions trigger a change in the URL with the search results in the window. To confirm the current URL of the window, you can use the following command.</p><pre class="prettyprint">print(driver.current_url)</pre><p>The following string is displayed:</p><pre class="prettyprint">'https://www.python.org/search/?q=getting+started+with+python&amp;submit='</pre><p>To close the current session, use the <strong>.close()</strong> method. It also disconnects the link with the browser.</p><pre class="prettyprint">driver.close()</pre><p>In this example, we have looked at the steps involved in running our first test using Selenium Python. Do note that we kept the window open during all test stages to ensure you knew what happened in the background as you ran each command.</p><p>In a fully automated flow, you will run multiple tests sequentially and may not be able to view each step as they occur.</p><p>To summarise the discussion, here is your <strong>first Selenium test on Python</strong>. You may save it in the file <strong>selenium_test.py</strong> and run python <strong>selenium_test.py</strong> to run the test.</p><pre class="prettyprint">from selenium import webdriver&#13; from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys&#13; driver = webdriver.Chrome('./chromedriver')&#13; driver.get("https://www.python.org")&#13; print(driver.title)&#13; search_bar = driver.find_element_by_name("q")&#13; search_bar.clear()&#13; search_bar.send_keys("getting started with python")&#13; search_bar.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)&#13; print(driver.current_url)&#13; driver.close()</pre><h4><strong>Navigate through HTML DOM Elements</strong></h4><p>Now that you have successfully run your first test in Selenium with Python, let us look at various options to select DOM elements and interact with them. In the example, we selected the search bar and queried for a string. Let us explore the selection further. Here is the HTML of the search bar.</p><pre class="prettyprint">&lt;input id="id-search-field" name="q" type="search" role="textbox" class="search-field" placeholder="Search" value="" tabindex="1"&gt;</pre><p>In the example, we used the <strong>.find_element_by_name()</strong> method, which searches for the attribute name within the input HTML tag. We can also search for this term using other methods.</p><ul><li>CSS ID: <strong>.find_element_by_id(“id-search-field”)</strong></li><li>DOM Path: <strong>.find_element_by_xpath(“//input[@id=’id-search-field’]”)</strong></li><li>CSS class: <strong>.find_element_by_class_name(“search-field”)</strong></li></ul><p>While the CSS ID is unique to every element by design, you may find multiple results when searching through the class name. Further, when you search through the DOM path of the element, you can be certain of what you are searching for.</p><div class="guide-highlight-section blue-section"><p style="text-align: left"><strong>Did You know: </strong><a href="https://www.browserstack.com/guide/findelement-in-selenium" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Difference between findElement and findElements?</a></p></div><h4><strong>Navigate through Windows and Frames</strong></h4><p>Your web application may require you to work with multiple windows and frames. Common use cases of working on new windows are social logins and file uploads. The <strong>.switch_to_window()</strong> method of the driver will help you to change the active window and work on different actions in a new window. The code that switches focus to a new window is:</p><pre class="prettyprint">driver.switch_to_window('window_name')</pre><p>If the value is not stored in the target attribute, you may use a window handle, which uniquely identifies all open windows in your driver. To view a list of all window handles, run the following:</p><pre class="prettyprint">print(driver.window_handles)</pre><p>Similarly, you can switch focus to a frame within a window through the<strong> .switch_to_frame()</strong> method. After completing relevant actions, run the following to switch back to the primary window.</p><pre class="prettyprint">driver.switch_to_default_content()</pre><p>Note that all actions within this section change the driver’s state and do not return anything. Therefore, we do not store the values in a variable and instead call the methods.</p><div class="guide-highlight-section green-section"><p><strong>Read More:</strong> <a title="Page Object Model and Page Factory in Selenium Python" href="https://www.browserstack.com/guide/page-object-model-in-selenium-python" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Page Object Model and Page Factory in Selenium Python</a></p></div><h4><strong>Work with Idle Time During a Test</strong></h4><p>While we have looked at various tests in static web applications, a single-page application may require you to wait for a specific time until you act.</p><p>There are two types of waits in Selenium: implicit and explicit waits.</p><ul><li>An explicit wait makes your driver wait for a specific action to be completed (like content load using AJAX).</li><li>An implicit wait makes the driver wait for a particular time.</li></ul><p>For an explicit wait, you need to use a try-finally block because it can potentially make your test stuck in the worst-case scenario. Essentially, you instruct the driver to wait for a certain element for a specified time before letting go.</p><pre class="prettyprint">from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By&#13; from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait&#13; from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC&#13; element = WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(&#13; EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "id-of-new-element"))&#13; finally:&#13; driver.quit()&#13; </pre><p>First, use the <strong>WebDriverWait()</strong> function to tell the driver to wait for five seconds. You then test for a new element to be loaded using the <strong>.presence_of_element_located()</strong> method of the <strong>expected_conditions</strong> class, which you can query through <strong>By.ID</strong>.</p><p>In an implicit wait, you need to use the <strong>.implicitly_wait()</strong> method of the driver and supply the number of seconds for the driver to wait.</p><pre class="prettyprint">driver.implicitly_wait(5)&#13; element = driver.find_element_by_id("id-of-new-element")&#13; </pre><div class="guide-highlight-section green-section"><p><strong>Must Read</strong>: <a title="How to use Wait commands in Selenium WebDriver" href="https://www.browserstack.com/guide/wait-commands-in-selenium-webdriver" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to use Wait commands in Selenium WebDriver</a></p></div><h4><strong>How to integrate Selenium with Python Unit Tests?</strong></h4><p>Let us understand how to integrate Selenium tests into Python unit tests. For this purpose, we will use the unit test module in Python.</p><pre class="prettyprint">import unittest&#13; from selenium import webdriver&#13; from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys&#13; class ChromeSearch(unittest.TestCase):&#13; def setUp(self):&#13; self.driver = webdriver.Chrome('./chromedriver')&#13; def test_search_in_python_org(self):&#13; driver = self.driver&#13; driver.get("https://www.python.org")&#13; self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)&#13; elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")&#13; elem.send_keys("getting started with python")&#13; elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)&#13; assert "https://www.python.org/search/?q=getting+started+with+python&amp;submit=" == driver.current_url&#13; def tearDown(self):&#13; self.driver.close()&#13; if __name__ == "__main__":&#13; unittest.main()&#13; </pre><p>In this example, you must set up the driver object when initializing the unit test class <strong>.Chrome()</strong> method. In the single test we demonstrate, the exact text is put on the search bar, and the resultant change in the URL is compared to the URL seen earlier. You may additionally write a different test for a different browser and reuse the same functionality.</p><div class="guide-highlight-section green-section"><p><strong>Read More:</strong> <a title="Start Selenium Testing with Python: Automated Testing of a User Signup Form" href="https://www.browserstack.com/guide/automate-with-selenium-python" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Selenium Testing with Python: Automated Testing of a Signup Form</a></p></div><h3><strong>How to run Selenium Python tests using BrowserStack?</strong></h3><ol><li>To run Selenium on real devices, you must <a title="sign up on BrowserStack" href="https://www.browserstack.com/users/sign_up" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sign up on BrowserStack</a> first.</li><li>Select “<a title="Scale cross-browser testing with Automate" href="https://www.browserstack.com/automate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BrowserStack Automate</a>” on logging in and set the device-browser combination on which you would like to run a test.</li><li>You are then shown the sample code to copy over and run from your terminal to run your test.</li></ol><pre class="prettyprint">from selenium import webdriver&#13; from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys&#13; from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities&#13; desired_cap = {&#13; 'browserName': 'android',&#13; 'device': 'Samsung Galaxy Note 9',&#13; 'realMobile': 'true',&#13; 'os_version': '8.1',&#13; 'name': 'Bstack-[Python] Sample Test'&#13; driver = webdriver.Remote(&#13; command_executor='https://&lt;&lt;user&gt;&gt;:&lt;&lt;user.keys&gt;&gt;@hub.browserstack.com:80/wd/hub',&#13; desired_capabilities=desired_cap)&#13; driver.get("https://www.google.com")&#13; if not "Google" in driver.title:&#13; raise Exception("Unable to load google page!")&#13;