Legal scholars in Taiwan are not unfamiliar with Law and Economics, as it represents an essential methodology well-established in the United States. Nevertheless, misconceptions with respect to this field are prevalent within the Taiwanese legal scholar community due to, in my opinion, an inadequate understanding of the very foundations of this discipline. Therefore, to clarify Law and Economics, my approach begins by analyzing the debate between the two founding fathers of this school: Ronald Coase and Richard Posner.

Chapter one provides a review of the great body of literature aimed at explicating the differences between the methodologies developed by these leading figures. Chapter two reveals the immense contributions of Coase and Posner through the context of their significance in the culmination of the most influential school for Law and Economics, the Chicago School of Economics. I divide the fundamentals of Coase’s theory into three streams of ideas: transaction cost, reciprocal nature of harm, and comparative institutional analysis. First, a rediscovery of Coase’s theory is necessary as the “Coase Theorem” is the most widely recognized yet the most misleading starting point to understanding Coase. In studying Posner, on the other hand, my approach begins with a comprehensive illustration of why he adopts the term “wealth maximization” instead of the more widely accepted term “utility maximization”. This leads to my next analysis of why Posner opts for the Kaldor-Hicks efficiency standard rather than the more extensively used Pareto-efficiency standard. The final part of this chapter will integrate all of the ideas of Posner using the philosophical foundation of his theories.

The most important assumptions underlying the foundations of Law and Economics may be categorized into “methodological individualism” and “rational man utility maximization”. In analyzing the views of Coase and Posner with respect to this dichotomy, while they both fall under “methodological individualism”, Coase can be shown to belong to “ecological rationality” and “institutional individualism”, while Posner belongs to “constructive rationality” and ”psychological individualism”. My investigation then progresses into their differing views on the essential meaning of jurisprudence, which include prediction and explanation. Under Posner’s pragmatism, he considers prediction, a tool in attaining the goal of wealth maximization, to be the essential meaning of jurisprudence. In contrast, Coase considers explanation, grounded on real phenomenon, to be the most important character of jurisprudence.

Finally, after clarifying the assumptions of Coase and Posner on the methodology of Law and Economics, I select three debates in common law to demonstrate how their differences in methodology lead to different outcomes on legal issues:
1.Property rules versus liability rules
2.The nature of negligence: penalty or compensation
3.Numerus Clausus


目　錄

口試委員審定書…………………………………ii
謝辭………………………………………………&;#8562;
摘要………………………………………………ｖ
Abstract…………………………………………vii
目錄………………………………………………&;#8568;
圖表目錄…………………………………………xii
第一章 導 論………………………………………001
第一節 問題的提呈 …………………………… 001
第二節 文獻回顧…………………………………007
第三節 論文篇章架構 ………………………… 010
第二章 從芝加哥法律經濟學的興起看
Coase與Posner…………………………………013
第一節 芝加哥大學與法律經濟學的興起…………013
2.1.1.奈特(Frank Knight,1885.11.07～1972.04.15)
2.1.2.賽門(Henry Simons,1899.10.09～1946.06.19)
2.1.3.迪雷克特(Aaron Director,1901.09.01～
2004.09.11)
2.1.4.貝克爾(Gary Becker,1930.12.02～2014.05.03)
2.1.5.小結
第二節 Coase的學術歷程及其對於法律經濟學的貢獻‧028
2.2.1.生平與學術歷程
2.2.2.交易成本
2.2.2.1.概念定義
2.2.3.損害相互性(寇斯定理)
2.2.3.1.概念的推導
2.2.3.2.概念的釐清
2.2.4.比較制度分析
第三節 Posner的學術歷程及其對於法律經濟學的貢獻‧048
2.3.1.生平與學術歷程
2.3.2.學術著作及引用率
2.3.3.Posner與芝加哥大學法律經濟學方法論預設
2.3.3.1.理性人財富最大化
2.3.3.2.效率標準的選擇
2.3.3.3.法律作為一種價格：實用主義者的宣言
2.3.4.小結：總覽Posner的法律經濟學進路
第三章 法律經濟學方法論預設之比較與檢討 ………… 069
第一節 研究主體與個人主義方法論……………………070
3.1.1.整體／個人主義方法論概述
3.1.2.兩種的方法論個人主義
3.1.3.法律經濟學研究主體的不同
第二節 理性人最大化作為預設及其批判………………078
3.2.1.理性人最大化的重要性
3.2.2.理性的概念在法律經濟學的意義及其挑戰
3.2.2.1.目的理性(purpose rationality) VS.
價值理性(value rationality)
3.2.2.2.建構理性(constructive rationality) VS.
生態理性(ecological rationality)
第三節 法律經濟學的本質──解釋還是預測？…… 088
3.3.1.實證主義方法論與預測的本質
3.3.2.Posner對於Friedman典範的認同：
法律經濟學作為預測的科學
3.3.3.Coase的反對觀點
3.3.3.1.預測不能取代解釋
3.3.3.2.資料本身依賴於理論來詮釋
第四節 理論預設與經驗的一致性問題…………………099
3.4.1.Marshall論方法──不脫離經驗事實的演繹
3.4.2.Coase VS. Posner-Becker的理論建構
第五節 小結………………………………………………106
第四章 方法論差異所造成之批評與影響…………………109
第一節 本章目的以及研究方法…………………………109
4.1.1.比較Coase與Posner於法學研究影響之困難性
4.1.2.解決方案
第二節 財產規則與補償規則……………………………112
4.2.1. Becker與Posner觀點下的刑罰(懲罰)
4.2.2. Calabresi的保護分類
4.2.3.從兩篇文章的核心論點看Posner與Coase的法律經濟學
差異
第三節 侵權行為法：阻嚇或填補損害？………………118
第四節 物權法定之爭議 ……………………………… 123
4.4.1.物權法定之學說爭論簡介
4.4.2.Merrill &; Smith的物權最適量及外部性理論
4.4.3.從對Merrill &; Smith理論之批評看Posner VS. Coase
之典範
4.4.4.小結
第五章 結論…………………………………………………135

附 錄 參考文獻 ………………………………………… 141
圖表目錄
圖 1：先知Knight及其門徒………………………………019
圖 2：1981年法律經濟學會議與會學者合影……………027
圖 3：市場變化與Kaldor-Hicks效率……………………060
圖 4：行為主義與理性經濟人之結合……………………066
圖 5：法律作為價格刺激侷限條件下的理性人(壞人)
………………………………………………………066
圖　6：法官判決之目的在於最大化社會財富……………067
圖　7：法學之本質在於預測………………………………067
圖　8：心理個人主義VS.制度個人主義………………… 074
圖　9：漢德公式……………………………………………119
圖10：物權種類的最適量………………………………… 125
圖11：創設物權的外部性分析…………………………… 126
圖12：創設物權的三邊關係……………………………… 127
表 1：Coase與Posner法經濟學方法之差異表………… 107
表 2：以P值區分故意、過失…………………………… 120



附錄：參考文獻

一、中文部分
(一)中文專書
‧王文宇(2000)，《民商法理論與經濟分析》，台北：元照。
────(2003)，《民商法理論與經濟分析》(二)，臺北：元照。
‧王澤鑑(2011) ，《侵權行為法》，台北：自刊。
‧汪丁丁(2005)，《制度分析基礎講義2─社會思想與制度》，上海人民出版社。
‧吳從周(2007)，《民事法學與法學方法》，台北：一品文化。
‧林 立(2004)，《波斯納與法律經濟分析》，台北：元照。
‧張五常(2009)，《經濟學的缺環》，香港：花千樹。
────(2010)，《經濟解釋卷一：科學說需求》(神州增訂版)，北京：中信。
────(2011)，《經濟解釋卷二：收入與成本──供應的行為(上篇)》，(神州增訂版)，北京：中信。
────(2012)，《經濟解釋卷三：供應的行為(下篇)受價與覓價》(神州增訂版)，北京：中信。
────(2014)，《經濟解釋卷四：制度的選擇》(神州增訂版)，北京：中信。
‧黃茂榮(2011)，《法學方法與現代民法》，增訂6版2刷，台北：台大法律學系法學叢書編委會。
‧謝哲勝(2007)，《法律經濟學》，台北：五南。
‧簡資修(2014)，《經濟推理與法律》，第3版，台北：元照。


(二)中文期刊、會議論文

‧王文宇(2010)，〈諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Williamson學說與應用／法學、經濟學與組織(上)〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第181期，頁6-21。
────(2010)，〈諾貝爾經濟學獎得主Williamson學說與應用／法學、經濟學與組織(下)〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第182期，頁5-18。
────(2011)，〈物權法定、資訊成本與公示登記──兼論物權法修訂〉，
《月旦民商法雜誌》，第31期，頁65-92。
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‧艾佳慧(2013)，〈單向度或互動的法律經濟學──與波斯納法官的跨洋對話〉，北大法律評論》，第14卷第1輯，頁63-85。
────(2013)，〈科斯與波斯納：道不同不相為謀？〉，《法律和社會科學》，第12卷，頁227-246。
‧朱蘇力(2004)，〈理解波斯納和我們自己〉，載於《波斯納及其他：譯書之後》，北京：法律。
‧伊衛鳳(2013)，〈反思波斯納的實用主義〉，《法律和社會科學》，第12卷，頁282-304。
‧吳建斌(2013)，〈從波斯納到科斯的回歸〉，《法律和社會科學》，第12卷，頁305-320。
‧易憲容(2009)，〈法律經濟學的當前發展與主要課題〉，《法制與社會發展》，第7期，頁140-142。
‧凌 斌(2010)，〈界權成本問題：柯斯定理及其推論的澄清與反思〉，《中外法學》，第22卷第1期，頁104-121。
‧茹玉聰(2013)，〈科斯經濟學方法評述──理論假設現實性的視角〉，《法律和社會科學》，第12卷，頁252-273。
‧張永健(2010)，〈物權「自治」主義的美麗新世界？──民法第757條之立法論與解釋論〉，《交大科法評論》，第7卷第1期，頁119-168。
────(2011)，〈物權法中之習慣：資訊成本理論之觀點〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第188期，頁81–92。
────(2014)，〈物權法之經濟分析導論(一)：事前觀點與交易成本〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第230期，頁248-260。
────(2014)，〈再訪物權法定與自由的爭議〉，《交大法學》，2014年第2期，頁119-135。
‧黃 韜(2014)，〈台灣地區法律經濟學研究現狀及其成因──基於法學知識生產的分析框架〉，《華東政法大學學報》，2014年第1期，頁136-149。
‧劉紹樑(1992)，〈緬懷史蒂格勒──談經濟、法律、經濟法、經濟憲法、憲法經濟〉，《經濟前瞻》，第26期，頁159-162。
────(2013)，〈緬懷寇斯──兼談「經濟分析法學」的修行〉，紀念Ronald Coase大師學術研討會，清華大學人文社會研究中心主辦。　　　　　　 http://www.chicagoclub.org.tw/doc/ronald-coase
‧劉瑞華(2013)，〈Ronald Coase：一個完整的經濟學家〉，紀念Ronald Coase大師學術研討會，清華大學人文社會研究中心主辦。
‧簡資修(1997)，〈寇斯的《廠商、市場與法律》：一個法律人的觀點 (Coase''s Firm, the Market, and the Law : A Legal Perspective)〉，《台灣大學法學論叢》，第26卷第2期，頁229-246。
────(2003)，〈法律經濟分析(四)──契約法：法定與意定之均衡〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第99期，頁191-198。
────(2004)，〈法律經濟分析(八)──法律經濟分析的倫理價值與法學方法:一個簡要調和式的說明〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第114期，頁207-210。
────(2005)，〈命令管制非侵權責任之本質──回應“過失責任標準經濟分析之再省思”〉，《經濟研究》，第41卷第2期，頁191-206。
────(2005)，〈波斯納與法律經濟分析────一個辯護性的說明〉，《月旦民商法雜誌》，第8期，頁179-184。
────(2007)，〈故意侵權法的經濟分析──兼評Landes &; Posner模型〉，《中研院法學期刊》，第1輯，頁191-212。
────(2007)，〈法律定性與經濟分析──評藍德斯與波斯納的侵權法的經濟結構〉，《法制與社會發展》，第13卷第4期，頁123-128。
────(2008)，〈醫師的賠償責任與說明義務──經濟分析與其法院實踐〉，《月旦民商法雜誌》，第22期，頁38-52。
────(2011)，〈物權外部性問題〉，《中研院法學期刊》，第8期，頁227-257。
────(2012)，〈科斯經濟學的法學意義〉，《中外法學》，第24卷第1期，頁 190-203。
────(2012)，〈寇斯的法律經濟學〉，《台灣法學雜誌》，第191期，頁80-85。
────(2012)，〈保護他人之法律，所為何來？──最高法院100年度台上字事判決評釋〉，《月旦裁判時報》，第18期，頁25-31。
────(2013)，〈因果關係的前邊與後界──最高法院101年度台上字第443
號民事判決評釋〉，《月旦裁判時報》，第24期，頁14-20。
────(2013)，〈為何過失僅賠償不刑罰〉，共20頁，發表於基法論壇，台大法學院基法中心。
────(2014)，〈過失責任作為私法自治之原則〉，《北大法律評論》，第15卷第1輯，頁155-173。
────(2014)，〈物權是內部化而不是外部性〉，《交大法學》，2014年第2期，頁136-138。
‧蔣侃學(2011)，〈過度醫療判准的法律經濟分析〉，第14屆台大基礎法學復活節研討會。
────(2012)，〈從「方法大爭論」看法律經濟學的方法論預設──歷史法學傳統抑或邊際效用分析〉，第15屆台大基礎法學復活節研討會。
‧蘇永欽(1991)，〈物權法定的再思考：從民事財產法的發展與經濟觀點分析〉，經濟論文叢刊》，第19卷2期，頁219-257。
────(2013)，〈從以房養老看物權的自由化──再談民法作為自治與管制的工具〉，《中國法研究》，第1期，頁1-61。

(三)中文博、碩士論文
‧吳振魁(2001)，〈純粹理論或歷史實在──重估孟格與許莫勒經濟學「方法論戰」的當代意涵〉，政治大學哲學研究所碩士論文。
‧張金花(2008)，〈淺析波斯納的實用主義道德懷疑論〉，吉林大學法學研究所碩士論文。
‧潘曉松(2004)，〈芝加哥大學與法律經濟學〉，浙江大學經濟學院碩士論文。



(四)中譯專書

‧Blaug,Mark (馬克&;#8226;布勞格)著，黎明星、陳一民、季勇譯(1990)，《經濟學方法論The Methodology of economics》，北京大學出版社。
‧Coase,Ronald H.(羅納德&;#8226;科斯)著，陳坤銘、李華夏譯(1995)，《廠商，市場與法律The Firm, the Market, and the Law》，台北：遠流。
────，羅君麗譯(2010)，《論經濟學和經濟學家》，上海：上海人民出版社。
‧Cooter, Robert (羅伯特&;#8226;考特)著，史晉川譯(2012)，《法律經濟學》，上海：三聯。
‧Durkheim,Emile (埃米爾&;#8226;涂爾幹)著，馮韻文譯(2008)，《自殺論：社會學研究 Le suicide : etude de sociologie》，台北：五南。
‧Ekelund, Robert (小羅伯特&;#8226;埃克倫德) &; Robert F. Hebert著，楊玉生、張鳳林譯(2001)，《經濟理論和方法史A History of Economic Theory and Method》，第4版，北京：中國人民大學出版社。
‧Epstein,Richard A.(理察&;#8226;艾普斯坦)著，簡資修譯(2003)，《自由社會之原則Principles for a Free Society》，台北：商周。
‧Hayek, Friedrich A.Von (弗裏德利希&;#8226;馮&;#8226;哈耶克)著，鄧正來、張守東、李靜冰譯(2000)，《法律、立法與自由Law, legislation and liberty》，北京：中國大百科全書。
‧Kuhn,Thomas(孔恩)著，王道還等編譯(1985)，《科學革命的結構The Structrue of Scientific Revolutions》，台北：遠流。
‧Marshall,Alfred(阿爾弗雷德&;#8226;馬歇爾)著，朱志泰、陳良璧譯(2009)，《經濟學原理Principles of Economics》，北京：商務。
‧Mises,Ludwig von(路德維希&;#8226;馮&;#8226;米塞斯)著，夏道平譯(1991)，《經濟學的最後基礎The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science》，台北：遠流。
‧Medema,Steven G.(斯蒂文&;#8226;G.米德瑪)編，羅君麗、李井奎、茹玉驄譯(2007)，《科斯經濟學：法與經濟學和新制度經濟學Coasean Economics : Law and Economics and the New Institutional Economics》，上海：三聯。
‧Menger,Carl(卡爾&;#8226;門格爾)著，姚中秋譯(2007)，《經濟學方法論探究Investigations Into the Method of the Social Sciences》，北京：新星。
‧Overtveldt,Johan Van (奧弗特瓦爾德)著、王永龍等譯(2010)，《芝加哥學派 The Chicago School》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。
‧Posner,Eric A.(埃裏克&;#8226;波斯納)著，沈明譯(2005)，《法律與社會規範Law and Social Norms》，台北：元照。
‧Posner,Richard A.(理查&;#8226;A&;#8226;波斯納)著，蔣兆康譯(2012)，《法律的經濟分析Economic Analysis of Law》，&;#63843;京：法律。
────，蘇力譯(2002)，《正義／司法的經濟學The Economics of Justice》，台北：元照。
────，蘇力譯(2002)，《超越法律Overcoming Law》，台北：元照。
────，蘇力譯(2002)，《道德和法律理論的疑問The Problematics of Moral nd Legal Theory》，台北：元照。
────，蘇力譯(2005)，《法理學問題The Problems of Jurisprudence》，北京：中國政法大學出版社
────，鄧海平譯(2002)，《聯邦法院︰挑戰與改革The Federal Courts: Challenge and Reform》，中國政法大學出版社。
────，武欣、凌斌譯(2003)，《法律理論的前沿Frontiers of Legal Theory》，中國政法大學出版社。
‧Savigny,Friedrich Carl von(弗里德里希&;#8226;卡爾&;#8226;馮&;#8226;薩維尼)著，鄭永流譯 (2009)，《歷史法學派的基本思想：1814-1840年Grundgedanken der historischen rechtsschule: 1814-1840》，北京：法律。
‧Schafer, Hans Bernd(漢斯-貝恩德&;#8226;舍費爾)等著，江清雲、杜濤譯(2009)，《民法的經濟分析Lehrbuch der &;Ouml;konomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts》，北京：法律。
‧Smith, Adam (亞當斯密)著，謝宗林譯(2007)，《道德情感論The Theory of Moral Sentiments》，台北：五南。
‧Stigler,George J.(喬治&;#8226;史蒂格勒)著，藍科正譯(1994)，《史蒂格勒自傳：一位不受管制的經濟學家Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist》，台北：遠流。
‧Weber,Max(馬克斯&;#8226;韋伯)著，顧忠華譯(2002)，《社會學的基本概念Soziologische Grundbegriffe》， 台北：遠流。
────，姚曾廙譯(2006)，《經濟通史General Economic History》，上海：三聯。
────，張旺山譯(2013)，《韋伯方法論文集》，台北：聯經。
‧Wieacker,Franz(維亞克爾)著，陳愛娥、黃建輝合譯(2007)，《近代私法史：以德意志的發展為觀察重點Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit》，台北：五南。
‧Williamson ,Oliver(&;#22885;利弗&;#8226;E.威廉姆森)著，段毅才、王偉譯(2009)，《資本主義經濟制度The Economic Institutions of Capitalism》，北京：商務。

(五)中譯論文

‧Coase, Ronald (羅納德&;#8226;科斯)著，艾佳慧譯(2013)，〈科斯論波斯納論科斯：評論Coase on Posner on Coase: Comment〉，《法律和社會科學》，第12卷，頁247-251。
‧Lessig, Lawrence (勞倫斯&;#8226;萊西格)著，蘇力譯(2002)，〈多產的偶像破壞者〉，譯文收於蘇力，〈《波斯納文叢》總譯序〉，載於《波斯納文叢》，北京:中國政法大學出版社。
‧Polinsky, A.Mitchell(A.米切爾&;#8226;波林斯基)著，明輝譯(2005)，〈潛在缺陷產的經濟分析：一份波斯納《法律的經濟分析》的購物指南 “ The Social Consequences of Common Law Rules”〉，載於《哈佛法律評論：侵權法學精粹》，pp.325-479。
‧Posner, Richard A.(理查&;#8226;波斯納)著，陳銘宇譯(2013)，〈法律經濟學與法律實用主義“Economic Analysis of Law and Legal Pragmatism”〉，《北大法律評論》，
第14卷第1輯，頁4。


二、西文部分
(一)西文專書

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(二)西文期刊、會議論文

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三、網路資訊部分

‧「紀念羅奈爾得&;#8226;科斯教授百歲華辰」(In Celebration of the Centenary of the Birth
of Professor Ronald Coase)(2011)，中國經濟學教育科研網，www.cenet.org.cn。
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_561956c901009o5y.html
http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Knight.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1986/buchanan-facts.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1986/buchanan-speech.html
http://www.law.yale.edu/faculty/GCalabresi.htm
http://judgepedia.org/Guido_Calabresi
http://www.wehavethefuture.com/portfolio/guido-calabresi/
http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=352&;cid=999&;ctype=na&;instate=na
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTdJcGjWVz0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Manne
http://www.law.gmu.edu/faculty/directory/emeritus/manne_henry
http://truthonthemarket.com/2009/12/29/the-collected-works-of-henry-g-manne/
http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/071029.becker.shtml
http://home.uchicago.edu/~gbecker/biography/biography.html
http://www.hoover.org/fellows/gary-s-becker
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1992/becker-bio.html
https://economics.uchicago.edu/facstaff/becker.shtml
http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2014/05/04/gary-s-becker-nobel-winning-scholar-economics-and-sociology-1930-2014
http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/busecon/econfac/Becker.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1992/becker-facts.html
http://www.usa-patriotism.com/reference/pmr/pmof_2007.htm
http://news.uchicago.edu/article/2013/09/02/ronald-h-coase-founding-scholar-law-and-economics-1910-2013#sthash.frObODqh.dpuf
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1991/coase-bio.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1991/coase-speech.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1991/coase-facts.html
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1991/coase-lecture.html
https://www.coase.org/coaseonline.htm
Ronald Coase: Online Material
http://www.rasmusen.org/zg601/readings/marshall.htm
http://english.unirule.org.cn/Html/Unirule-News/20110101130956819.html