什叶派十二伊玛目派 中文摘要 萨法维王朝自1502年建立至1722年灭亡，延祚200余年，是近代伊朗持续时间最长的专制王朝。该王朝开国君主伊斯玛仪一世依靠萨法维苏菲教团，以军事手段战胜白羊王朝与希尔凡地区统治者，建立政教合一政权。萨法维王朝合法性构建于宗教、族群、权力结构三个层面。萨法维王朝建立后，宗教成为萨法维王朝的立国之本。萨法维王朝以什叶派支派十二伊玛目派为国教，为当今伊朗地区以伊斯兰教什叶派为主的宗教格局奠定了基础。萨法维教团成员多来自土库曼游牧部族，教团信徒构成了萨法维政权主要军事力量。游牧部族贵族担任王朝中央政府的许多主要官职，并负有教育王子的任务，在王朝前期对沙阿享有的绝对王权构成威胁。萨法维王朝统治区域内的主要人口是被称为塔吉克人的定居城市人口，他们中的迪万阶层熟稔行政事务，大量充任政府文员，担任财政、宗教等领域重要职务。协调土库曼-塔吉克族群矛盾，同时争取土库曼与塔吉克族群的支持是萨法维王朝前中期君主面临主要政治矛盾。阿巴斯一世在位时采取一系列改革措施，一举解决土库曼军事贵族对王权的威胁，引入并扶持格鲁吉亚、亚美尼亚、切尔克斯裔为主的高加索族群与塔吉克族群共同压制土库曼军事贵族，进一步规范宗教理论与体制，致力于摆脱其苏菲教团宗教遗产。新制度在三个层面分别重塑了王朝统治合法性，萨法维王朝达到极盛。但阿巴斯一世的改革不能完全解决萨法维王朝的矛盾，其继任者进一步推进改革措施导致宗教、族群、政治结构层面矛盾再次失衡，王朝合法性再次受到挑战，什叶派教权对王权依赖程度降低，政治影响力提高。原有统治阶层各派斗争趋于缓和，形成了新的宫廷政治派系。但萨法维政权沦为各派系利益分赃的工具，陷入了长期的衰落，无力应对来自政权内外社会危机的挑战，缺乏转变的动力，最终于1722年灭亡于阿富汗部族起义与入侵。 英文摘要 The safavid dynasty, which lasted for more than 200 years from its establishment in 1502 to its demise in 1722, is the longest autocratic dynasty in Iran since the Great Conquer.The first king of the dynasty, Ismail I, relied on the safavid sufi order founded by the safavid ancestors, attracted a large number of followers by its religious beliefs, and established his rule by military means over the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty and the Shirvanshahs.Religion became the foundation of safavid dynasty, which took the twelver of shi 'ite as the state religion, and laid the foundation for the religious pattern of shi 'ite Islam in the current Iran.The followers of the safavid dynasty that followed ismaili I were mainly turkmen nomadic tribes who formed the main military force after the safavid dynasty was established.The upper echelons of these nomadic tribes held many of the main posts in the dynastic central government and had the task of educating princes, posing a threat to the &quotabsolute&quotmonarchy enjoyed by shah in the early days of the dynasty.The majority of the population in the safavid region was a settled urban population known as the &quotTajiks&quot, of whom the &quotdiwan&quotclass was skilled in administrative matters and was largely employed as civil servants in important positions in the financial and religious fields.In order to stabilize his rule, how to reconcile the turkman-tajik ethnic conflict and win the support of both groups at the same time became the main political contradiction faced by each safawi monarch.Abbas I took a series of means to solve threat to the throne, which caused by turkmen military aristocrats.He supported Caucasian ethnic group,whom descents from Georgia, Armenia,and tajik ethnic group to suppress turkmen military aristocracy. And he furthered the religious theory and religious system standardization to get rid of the cult of sufi religious heritage, ultimately attained the balance of several big politics contradiction in Safavid dynasty,and remodeled the legitimacy of the dynasty.The Safavid dynasty came to its heyday under the reign of Abbas I.However, the reform of Abbas I failed to resolve the contradictions of safavid dynasty at root. After his death, his reform measures were further advanced in the hands of his successor, and the shia religious authority became less dependent on the royal power and had more political influence.The old ruling class faction struggle tends to ease, formed the new court politics faction.However, the safavid regime became a tool for the &quotspoils&quotof various factions'interests and fell into a long-term decline. It was unable to cope with the challenge of social crisis from inside and outside the regime and lacked the motivation for transformation. Finally, it was destroyed by the Afghan Hotak tribal uprising and invasion in 1722. 页数 121 URL 查看原文 语种 中文 文献类型 学位论文 条目标识符 https://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/465299 Collection 历史文化学院
作者单位 历史文化学院
第一作者单位 历史文化学院 Recommended Citation:
GB/T 7714 刘继豪. 论萨法维王朝合法性的构建[D]. 兰州. 兰州大学,2020.