家人全聚公堂上。
舉杯慶賀:「萬壽無疆!」

The Seventh Month
Translated by Fu-Shiang Chia

The "fire star" moves to the west in the seventh month.
In the ninth month, we hand out winter clothing.
North wind in November –
Bitter cold in December.
Without padded garments,
How can we survive until the new year?
In January we repair farm tools.
We work in the field in February.
Here come my wife and children,
Bringing food to the south acres.
The inspector is satisfied.

The "fire star" moves to the west in the seventh month.
In the ninth month we hand out winter clothing.
In March the sun begins to warm.
On the treetops the yellow finch begins to sing.
Young girls carrying their deep baskets,
Walk on the country path,
Collecting mulberry leaves.
In the slow, lazy spring sun,
Young girls fill their baskets with asters.
Their hearts are sad and heavy.
Is our young lord going to return?

The "fire star" moves to the west in the seventh month.
In the ninth month we harvest reed grass.
In March we work in the mulberry patches.
Bringing our cutters and hatchets,
Pruning the long branches,
Pulling down the tall boughs for tender leaves.
In July the butcherbird cries;
The silk is to be dyed,
Some black, some yellow.
But red is the most pleasing.
It will be kept for our young lord.

Foxtails flower in April.
Cicada calls in May.
Autumn is our harvest time.
Yellow leaves fall in October.
In November we hunt
Fox fur for our young lord’s coat.
In December grain is stored.
We have some leisure time.
We practice martial arts.
Young boars are for ourselves;
Large ones are for our lord.

In the fifth month grasshoppers kick their legs;
In the sixth month locusts rub their wings.
In July, crickets are singing in the wild;
In August, they move near the eaves.
They crawl inside my door in September;
They hide under my bed in October.
We must seal all the holes in the house,
Smoking out the rats from their nests,
Repairing the north window and plastering the door.
Oh, come my wife and children, come into the house;
The new year is near.

In the sixth month we eat cherries and pears.
In July we boil sunflower seeds and soybeans.
We heap jujubes in August.
We cook rice in October,
Fermenting spring wine.
Drink to the blessing of our long life.
In the seventh month we eat melons.
In the eighth month the gourds mature.
In the ninth month we gather hemp seeds.
We collect sow thistles and store firewood.
This is how we feed ourselves.

We prepare the cereal stock yard in September;
In October we dry our grain.
Spring millet, autumn millet, sorghum, soybeans,
Hemp, sesame and wheat –
All of them are stored.
When we have finished our farm chores,
It is time to work for our lord.
Cutting sage and rushes during the day,
Twisting rope at night.
Climbing up to repair the roof.
It’s springtime and we have to work the farm.

"Chung, Chung, Chung" – we cut ice in December,
Placing it in the cellar in January.
In February we worship our ancestors,
Offering them ice cubes, lamb and scallions.
It is frosty cold in September.
After cleaning our stock yard in October,
We kill a hog and take two bottles of our spring wine,
Walking together to the central hall,
Where we raise our wine cups overhead
To toast our lord:
"May you have a long life!"

「葽」今名「遠志」,為多年生草本,微被柔毛。葉線形,長1-3公分,寬0.2-0.3公分。總狀花序腋生,最上花序假頂生;花藍紫色;萼片5,外輪3片較小,內輪2片花瓣狀,宿存;花瓣3,中間花瓣背面有雞冠狀附屬物;雄蕊8,花絲下部2/3合生成鞘狀。蒴果倒心形,長約0.6公分,周圍具狹翅。分布於東北、華北、山東、陜西,生長在山坡草地及路旁。

農曆四月已經結實的植物不多,遠志是最常見的一種,「葽」又名「繞」、「蕀菀」、「葽繞」或「小草」。多數註釋家認為「葽」即為遠志,如郭樸《爾雅注》認為:「葽」形似麻黃,「葉銳而黃」,所述的形態特徵即今之遠志。

遠志的地上部稱為「小草」,根部稱為「遠志」,自古即視為重要的藥用植物。《本草經》說遠志「強志倍力,久服輕身不老」,因此命名為「遠志」。

遠志屬植物有多種,不少種類的植物體化學成分和遠志相似,均可視為《詩經》所言之「葽」。

此外,鄭玄認為「四月生者,自是王瓜」,《詩經草木今釋》也指出「葽」即王瓜。王瓜( Thladiantha dubia Roem.)屬瓜科,葉似栝樓,略圓形,表面有刺毛,開黃花,結實如彈丸,成熟時果實為紅色。

「鬱」今名「郁李」,為落葉小喬木,小枝細長,幼時褐色。葉卵形至長橢圓形,長4-7公分,先端急尖,基部圓形;中部以上有鋸齒,基部全緣;葉柄長0.2-0.3公分。總狀花序,多花,花先葉或與葉同時開放,2-3朵簇生;花白色或粉紅,花瓣細長,長約1.5公分,雄蕊20。果近圓形或扁圓形,徑1公分,暗紅色,光滑而有光澤。分布於河南、甘肅、陜西、湖北及四川各省。

鬱一名「車下李」,是古代的野李。「鬱」、「郁」一聲轉,《山海經》作「栯」,花實均香馥濃郁,故名郁李。古時華北地區本樹種的分布非常普遍,生「高山、川谷及丘陵上」。子小如櫻桃,甘酸而香,稍有澀味;如「以湯浸去皮尖,用生蜜浸一宿」即可食用,也可用於釀酒。《詩經》時代大概尚未大量栽培郁李。

郁李在早春開花,花瓣有如剪紙,色彩繽紛、濃豔適度。盛開時,繁英壓樹,十分壯觀。初夏結果,紅實滿枝。花果都很美麗,近代常栽培供觀賞。

郁李適合群植觀賞,栽種在階前、屋旁均宜,或作花籬、盆景賞玩。台灣早年曾引進栽培,有重瓣郁李(var. multiplex )、長梗郁李(var. nakai )等變種。

「薁」今稱「蘡薁」,為落葉木質藤本,小枝幼時有稜角。嫩枝、葉柄和花序有灰白色絨毛。卷鬚與葉對生。葉闊卵圓形,長4-8公分,寬3-5公分,3-5深裂,有少數粗牙齒,表面光滑,背面被灰色絨毛。圓錐花序;花瓣5,早落;雄蕊5。漿果紫紅色,徑0.5-0.8公分。分布於山東、河南及華東、華中諸省,台灣亦產。

蘡薁即俗稱的野葡萄或山葡萄引進中國之前,此為主要的一種野生果類。古人可能早已用於釀酒,但未見有栽培紀錄,可能都採自野生植株。

蘡薁由於分布範圍廣闊,形態變異大,如葉的大小、葉的分裂型式、被毛狀況,各地均有微小差異,曾被處理為不同的變種。本篇的「鬱」為郁李,果實大如櫻桃,成熟時呈紅色,酸甜可口;「薁」之漿果為紫紅色,亦可採食。二者在農曆六月同時成熟,都是古代常見的野果,所以《詩經》並提之。

葡萄屬植物在中國境內約有四十種,有些種類是水果葡萄的重要種質資源,例如變葉葡萄( Vitis piaserkii Maxim.)、山葡萄(V. amurensis Rupr.)、桑葉葡萄( V. ficifolia Bge.)等,果均可生食,並用於釀酒,都是葡萄的近緣種。

葵為冬葵或野葵,二年生草本,莖直立,高可達80公分,被星狀長柔毛。葉互生,腎形至圓形,徑5-9公分,掌狀5-7淺裂,基部心形,兩面被粗糙伏毛或光滑。葉柄長2-8公分。花叢生葉腋;花小,淡紅色,徑約1公分,花瓣5,倒卵形,先端凹。蒴果扁圓形,成熟時心皮分離並且會自中軸脫離。分布於亞熱帶至北溫帶,包括丨國各省、印度、緬甸及歐洲等。

本植物冬春之際開花,因謂之冬葵。古代即為重要的蔬用植物,以幼苗及嫩葉作菜,即《本草綱目》所云:「古者葔為五菜之主」,《農藥通訣》也說:「葵為百菜之王,備四時之饌。」植株耐旱,味甘而無毒,供食之餘,還可以泡製為醃菜,堪稱為「蔬菜之上品」。

冬葵本來應該是八、九月栽種,冬末春初採集的植物,但〈豳風‧七月〉列為七月採集和烹煮。因此李時珍認為「冬葵」是古人常食的蔬菜,應早已栽培出不同時期栽種及收成的品種。七月採食的品種應當是五、六月栽種的「秋葵」品種。冬葵古時常見栽培,但自明代以後已經很少栽培食用。若煮冬葵食之,可使「胎滑易生」;根亦為藥用材料,主治惡瘡。

《毛詩名物圖說》認為「葵」指的是落葵科的落葵( Basella alba L.),古稱「蔠葵」、「蘩露」。原產於亞洲熱帶地區,引進中國的時間很早,但在《詩經》時代,中國北方應無分布。

韭為多年生草本,具橫生之根狀莖,鱗莖近圓柱形,簇生。葉線形,扁平,長15-30公分,寬0.2-0.8公分。花莖高25-60公分。繖形花序著生花莖頂端,近球形,總苞二裂,宿存;花梗為花被的2-4倍長;花白色或微帶紅色,花被片6;花瓣基部合生;子房外壁具疣突起。蒴果,果瓣倒心形。原產於亞洲東部及南部,現廣泛栽培。

至少在兩千年以前,韭菜在中國已是菜蔬,這點可由《漢書》「冬種蔥韭菜茹」一語得到印證。由杜甫詩:「夜雨剪春韭,新炊間黃梁」和蘇東坡詩;「漸覺東風料峭寒,青蒿黃韭試春盤」,可得知唐宋時代,韭菜已是相當普遍的一種蔬菜。

農人栽植韭菜,「一種而久」,「一歲而三四割」,所以謂之韭(久)菜。「韭」也是象形字,底下的「一」表示地,上面的「非」表示可連續割剪的菜蔬。〈豳風‧七月〉「四之日其蚤,獻姜祭韭」,意為二月中行祭時敬獻羔羊和韭菜,此處的韭已是供祭用的聖品,並非一般食用蔬菜。

韭菜的營養價值高,含有蛋白質、胡蘿蔔素及抗壞血酸等多種成分。鮮嫩的韭菜香辛可口,是深受饕客歡迎的盤中美食。供作蔬菜用的韭菜種類,還包括野韭( Alluum ramosum L.)、山韭( A. senescens L.)等多種野生韭菜,均可能是《詩經》及其他古籍所提到的「韭」。 (本段植物解說文字摘錄自林業試驗所潘富俊研究員著作 《詩經植物圖鑑 》)

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