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治疗组大鼠的BBB评分与斜板实验角度明显提升,且各时段均优于SCI组(
P
< 0.05)。SCI部位PKM2基因在各类细胞中均有高活性表达;生物信息学分析靶点指向HIPPO-YAP信号通路;与SOX2组比较,整个细胞中SOX2+JSK组PKM2表达增高(
P
< 0.05)、p-PKM2、YAP表达亦升高(
P
< 0.001),且更多PKM2磷酸化入核。SOX2+JSK组PKM2与YAP共定位情况高于SOX2组。
To investigate the effect of
Jisuikang
formula-medicated serum for promoting spinal cord injury (SCI) repair in rats and explore the possible mechanism.
Methods
Thirty adult SD rats were randomized into sham-operated group, SCI (induced using a modified Allen method) model group, and
Jisuikang
formula-medicated serum treatment group. After the operations, the rats were treated with normal saline or
Jisuikang
by gavage on a daily basis for 14 days, and the changes in hindlimb motor function of the rats was assessed with Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores and inclined-plate test. The injured spinal cord tissues were sampled from the SCI rat models for single-cell RNA sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify the target genes of
Jisuikang
, spinal cord injury and glycolysis. In the cell experiment, cultured astrocytes from neonatal SD rat cortex were treated with SOX2 alone or in combination with
Jisuikang
-medicated serum for 21 days, and the protein expressions of PKM2, p-PKM2 and YAP and colocalization of PKM2 and YAP in the cells were analyzed with Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively.
Results
The SCI rats with
Jisuikang
treatment showed significantly improved BBB scores and performance in inclined-plate test. At the injury site, high PKM2 expression was detected in various cell types. Bioinformatic analysis identified the HIPPO-YAP signaling pathway as the target pathway of
Jisuikang
. In cultured astrocytes, SOX2 combined with the mediated serum, as compared with SOX2 alone, significantly increased PKM2, p-PKM2 and YAP expressions and entry of phosphorylated PKM2 into the nucleus, and promoted PKM2 and YAP co-localization in the cells.
Conclusion
Jisuikang
formula accelerates SCI repair in rats possibly by promoting aerobic glycolysis of the astrocytes
via
activating the PKM2/YAP axis to induce reprogramming of the astrocytes into neurons.
参照前法建立脊髓损伤大鼠模型后,收集大鼠的脊髓损伤组织,液氮速冻,−80 ℃保存,冷链运输至上海伯豪生物技术有限公司进行单细胞测序,完成后续单细胞测序及生物信息学分析,含细胞捕获、cDNA合成、单细胞文库构建和高通量测序(scRNA-seq,10×Genomics Chromium),同时对数据进行
t
分布随机近邻嵌入(tSNE)技术降维分析用于可视化。
1.5.3. 生物信息学靶点分析
为进一步探究“脊髓损伤”“、脊髓康”与“糖酵解”相关联的潜在作用关系。采用生物信息学通过DAVID数据库(
https://david.ncifcrf.gov/
)对细胞分群特征基因和处理组间差异基因进行基因本体(GO)富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析,利用高级气泡图对排名前15的通路进行可视化。KEGG及GO分析均以差异有统计学意义(
P
< 0.05)作为显著性富集标准。分析找出不同亚群特征基因和处理组间差异表达基因后,通过STRING数据库(
https://string-db.org/
)检索编码蛋白间可能的潜在相互作用,获得差异基因蛋白互作网络(PPI网络),利用Cytoscape 3.9.1软件对PPI网络进行可视化操作。
1.5.4. Western blot法检测PKM2、p-PKM2和YAP表达
收集两组星形胶质细胞样本,用RIPA缓冲液裂解细胞膜并释放蛋白。加入蛋白酶抑制剂,离心裂解后的样本并收集上清液,使用蛋白定量试剂盒测定蛋白质浓度。将样品加载到SDS-PAGE凝胶上进行电泳分离。电泳后的蛋白分离物转移到PVDF膜上,封闭1 h后,在转印膜上进行蛋白抗体反应,分别使用一抗PKM2(1∶1000)、p-PKM2(1∶1000)和YAP(1∶1000)在4 ℃孵育过夜。使用TBST清洗膜以去除非特异性结合的抗体,加入二抗HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG(1∶5000)室温孵育2 h,并进行免疫印迹检测。所用内参为β-actin,条带灰度分析使用Quantity One 4.6.2软件系统,结果以灰度值表示。
本研究采用SPSS 20.0软件对数据进行处理,计量资料采用均数±标准差表示。对于总体方差相等的采用单因素方差分析进行多组间比较,总体方差不等的采用Kruskal-Wallis检验。
P
< 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 各组大鼠斜板实验及BBB评分比较
各组大鼠斜板实验数据及BBB评分的术前差异无统计学意义(
P
> 0.05)。术后3 d,与Sham组比较,SCI组与治疗组大鼠斜板实验角度及BBB评分较差(
P
< 0.05),但其中治疗组表现要优于SCI组(
P
< 0.05)。术后7 d,治疗组比术后3 d斜板实验角度和BBB评分得分有提高(
P
< 0.05);术后14 d进一步上升,且两次斜板实验和BBB评分表现明显优于SCI组(
P
< 0.05,
表 1
、
2
)。
各组大鼠斜板实验数据
Results of inclined-plate tests of the rats in the 3 groups (
Mean
±
SD
)
Single cell sequencing analysis of glycolytic gene expression in astrocytes.
A
: TSNE visualization of clustering of 26 cell types in the injured spinal cord tissues.
B
: Bubble plot of the expression levels of glycolysis-related genes in 26 cell clusters (boxed are Pkm2 genes).
C
: TSNE map of the expression pattern of Pkm2 gene in 26 cell clusters.
Results of bioinformatic analysis using the terms "
Jisuikang
", "Spinal Cord Injury", and "Glycolysis".
A
: Venn diagram of the co-expressed differential genes.
B
: PPI network visualization results.
C
: KEGG analysis.
D
: GO enrichment analysis.
2.4. Western blot法检测各组PKM2、p-PKM2和YAP蛋白表达结果对比
SOX2+JSK组细胞质和整个细胞中的PKM2表达量显著高于SOX2组(
P
< 0.05);磷酸化的PKM2表达量在细胞核显著增高(
P
< 0.01),且在整个细胞中也有显著增高(
P
< 0.001)。相较于SOX2组,SOX2+JSK组YAP的表达量则在细胞核与整个细胞中都有显著升高(
P
< 0.01)。
Expression of YAP and PKM2 in cultured rat astrocytes treated with SOX2 alone or in combination with
Jisuikang
(JSK)-medicated serum (Immunofluorescence staining, original magnification: ×100).
Western blotting for detecting PKM2, p-PKM2, and YAP expressions in cultured rat astrocytes treated with SOX2 alone or in combination with
Jisuikang
(JSK)-medicated serum.
A
: Western blots of the proteins.
B
: Relative expression levels of the proteins.
*
P
< 0.05,
**
P
< 0.01,
***
P
< 0.001.