非酒精性脂肪性肝病常被简称为 NAFLD,是一种累及很少或完全不喝酒者的肝脏状况。NAFLD 患者的肝脏中积聚过多脂肪。这种状况最常见于超重或肥胖症患者。

随着肥胖症患者人数的增加,NAFLD 变得越来越常见,尤其是在中东和西方国家。它是世界上最常见的肝病形式。NAFLD 的严重程度不等,可能是被称为脂肪肝的肝脂肪变性,也可能是非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)这种更为严重的疾病。

NASH 导致肝脏肿胀,并由于肝脏中的脂肪沉积而受损。NASH 可能恶化,并可能导致严重的肝脏瘢痕形成(肝硬化)甚至肝癌。这种损伤与大量酒精使用所导致的损伤相似。

目前正在将“非酒精性脂肪性肝病”这一名称更改为“代谢功能障碍相关脂肪变性肝病”(MASLD)。专家还建议将“非酒精性脂肪性肝炎”这一名称更改为“代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝炎”(MASH)。

重度肝脏瘢痕形成或肝硬化是 NAFLD NASH 的主要并发症。肝硬化是肝损伤所致,如 NASH 炎症引起的损伤。当肝脏试图抑制炎症时,就会形成瘢痕区域,也称为纤维化。随着炎症持续,纤维化会扩散,从而累及越来越多的肝脏组织。

如果不采取任何措施来阻止瘢痕形成,肝硬化可导致:

  • 胃部积液,称为腹水。
  • 食管静脉肿胀,或食管静脉曲张,可能破裂和出血。
  • 意识模糊、思睡和言语不清,也称为肝性脑病。
  • 脾脏过度活跃,或脾功能亢进,可导致血小板过少。
  • 终末期肝衰竭,意味着肝脏已停止运转。
  • 专家猜测,美国约 24%的成人患有 NAFLD ,约 1.5%至 6.5%的成人患有 NASH

    预防

    为了降低您患 NAFLD 的风险:

  • 保持健康饮食。 选择富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物和健康脂肪的健康饮食。
  • 限制酒精、单糖摄入量和食量。 避免饮用苏打水、运动饮料、果汁和甜茶等含糖饮料。饮酒会损害肝脏,应避免饮酒或尽量少饮酒。
  • 保持健康的体重。 如果您超重或肥胖,请与医疗护理团队合作,逐步减轻体重。如果您的体重健康,请通过健康饮食和运动来保持。
  • 锻炼。 在一周中的大部分日子进行活动。如果您此前没有定期锻炼,请先征得医疗护理团队的同意。
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