过去分词（短语）作状语及定语是非谓语动词的重要用法，也是高考考察的热点，现分析如下：

I. 过去分词（短语）作状语

过去分词（短语）作状语时表示的动作是主语动作的一部分，与谓语表示的动作或状态几乎是同时发生，或是先于谓语动词的动作发生，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。过去分词作状语一般都用逗号同其它成分隔开，常表时间，条件，原因，方式，伴随，让步等含义，相当于一个状语从句。

1． 作时间状语相当于when引导的从句，通常放于句首。例如：

Seen from the top of the hill (= When the city is seen from the top of the hill), the city looks more beautiful.

2． 作条件状语相当于if, unless引导的从句，一般放在句首。例如：

Given more attention (= If it is given more attention), the accident could have been avoided.

3． 作原因状语相当于because, as, since引导的从句，多放于句首。例如：

Scolded (=As she was scolded) by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.

4． 作方式或伴随状语时，一般不能用状语从句替换，但可以转换成并列分句或非限制性定语从句，可位于句首或句尾。例如：

Surrounded by his students, the professor sat there cheerfully. (= The professor was surrounded by his students and sat there cheerfully.)

5． 作让步状语相当于though, if引导的从句，常放在句首。例如：

Tired(= Though he was tired), the worker went on working.

6． 过去分词（短语）作状语时，有时为了强调，前面可带连词when, while, if, though, as if, unless, until等，以便使句意更清楚。例如：

If given more time, they would have done it better.

II. 过去分词（短语）作定语

过去分词作定语时，表示完成和被动的意义。

过去分词作定语的位置：

1． 单个的过去分词作定语，绝大部分情况下放在所修饰的名词前。例如：

an excited boy; boiled water.但有时为了强调，也可放在所修饰的名词后。例如：

I want to change the material used.如果被修饰的词是由every / some / any / no + thing / body / one所构成的不定代词或指示代词those时，单个的过去分词也要放在被修饰词之后。例如：Is there anybody injured?

2． 过去分词短语作定语时放在所修饰的名词后，作用相当于定语从句。例如：

He is reading a novel written (= which was written) by Lu Xun.

Some of the people invited (= who have been invited) to the party can’t come.

过去分词短语作定语有三种时态：表示动作已发生；表示动作将要发生；表示动作正在发生。对比以下三句：

The building built last year is very beautiful.

The building being built will be completed next month.

The building to be built will be a hospital.

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