摘要：

探讨状态焦虑对时距知觉的影响以及注意偏向与认知评价在其中的中介和调节作用。招募大学生60人, 随机分为高、低状态焦虑组, 用情绪诱导程序诱导高、低状态焦虑; 用点探测范式测量注意偏向; 用时间再现任务测量时距知觉; 用视觉模拟心境量表测量认知评价。结果发现：(1)状态焦虑会导致对2000 ms时距的高估; (2)注意偏向在状态焦虑对2000 ms时距知觉的影响中具有部分中介作用; (3)状态焦虑通过注意偏向影响时距知觉的中介过程受到认知评价的调节作用：只有当认知评价得分较高时, 即个体认为焦虑对心理健康有害程度较高时, 状态焦虑通过注意偏向影响2000 ms时距知觉。研究结果揭示了焦虑个体时距知觉的内部过程, 丰富了焦虑通过注意偏向影响时距知觉的解释视角, 为通过认知评价和注意偏向的调整改善焦虑个体时距偏差现象提供了重要参考。

Abstract:

Anxiety is associated with high levels of arousal. Both theoretical and empirical work have determined that when an individual experiences anxiety, he/she shows attentional bias toward negative stimuli. High arousal and negative attentional bias, as the two key characteristics of anxiety, are associated with a series of subjective feelings and experiences of individuals with state anxiety, among which time perception is significant. However, how this process operates remains an open question. In this article, we investigate how state anxious individuals perceive time, especially the roles of attention bias and cognitive appraisal in this process.
Sixty college students participated in the study and were randomly assigned to a high state anxiety group (n = 30, completed a procedure of anxious state induction) and a low state anxiety group ( n = 30, completed a procedure of calm state induction). Then, a 2 (high state anxiety group vs. low state anxiety group) × 2 (negative stimuli vs. neutral stimuli) × 3 (2000 ms vs. 4000 ms vs. 8000 ms) mixed-design experiment was conducted with the attentional bias as the mediator, the cognitive appraisal as the moderator and the time perception as the dependent variable. State anxiety was manipulated by an induction process, time perception was measured by the time reproduction task, attentional bias was measured by the dot-probe task and cognitive appraisal was assessed by the visual analogue mood scales.
The results showed that (1) State anxiety had an effect on time perception, namely, individuals with high state anxiety overestimated the 2-second interval of the negative stimuli. (2) Attentional bias played a partial mediating role in the relationship between state anxiety and time perception of 2000 ms. (3) Cognitive appraisal moderated the mediation effect of attentional bias on the influence of state anxiety on time perception of 2000 ms. Specifically, when the score of cognitive appraisal was high, attentional bias played a mediating role in the influence of state anxiety on time perception, while when the score of cognitive appraisal was low, attentional bias did not play a mediating role in the influence of state anxiety on time perception.
Therefore, the effect of state anxiety on college students’ time perception was a moderated mediating effect. The moderated mediating model significantly revealed the effect mechanism of state anxiety on college students’ time perception, which can contribute to a better understanding of how individuals in an anxious state perceive time. Furthermore, it suggests that the adjustment of cognitive appraisal or attentional bias is an important way to alleviate the time distortion of anxious individuals.

Key words: state anxiety, time perception, attentional bias, cognitive appraisal

评分项目	负性低唤醒图片	中性低唤醒图片	t	p	d
IAPS效价	2.99 (0.57)	5.15 (0.75)	-8.93	< 0.001	2.23
中国被试效价	2.78 (0.49)	5.03 (0.79)	-10.73	< 0.001	2.68
IAPS唤醒度	4.80 (0.51)	4.72 (0.49)	0.40	0.698	0.10
中国被试唤醒度	5.31 (0.74)	5.15 (0.61)	1.31	0.210	0.33
中国被试熟悉度	3.93 (0.78)	4.06 (1.13)	-0.38	0.708	0.10

表1 点探测范式中所用图片的效价、唤醒度与熟悉度评分[M (SD)]

评分项目	负性低唤醒图片	中性低唤醒图片	t	p	d
IAPS效价	2.99 (0.57)	5.15 (0.75)	-8.93	< 0.001	2.23
中国被试效价	2.78 (0.49)	5.03 (0.79)	-10.73	< 0.001	2.68
IAPS唤醒度	4.80 (0.51)	4.72 (0.49)	0.40	0.698	0.10
中国被试唤醒度	5.31 (0.74)	5.15 (0.61)	1.31	0.210	0.33
中国被试熟悉度	3.93 (0.78)	4.06 (1.13)	-0.38	0.708	0.10

评分项目	负性低唤醒图片	中性低唤醒图片	t	p	d
IAPS效价	2.77 (0.66)	5.15 (0.06)	-10.16	< 0.001	5.08
中国被试效价	2.94 (0.58)	4.91 (0.99)	-4.86	< 0.001	2.43
IAPS唤醒度	4.12 (0.32)	3.90 (0.50)	1.08	0.298	0.54
中国被试唤醒度	5.28 (0.37)	5.07 (0.94)	0.59	0.564	0.30
中国被试熟悉度	4.17 (1.03)	4.39 (1.18)	-0.39	0.704	0.19

表2 时间再现任务中所用图片的效价、唤醒度与熟悉度评分[M (SD)]

评分项目	负性低唤醒图片	中性低唤醒图片	t	p	d
IAPS效价	2.77 (0.66)	5.15 (0.06)	-10.16	< 0.001	5.08
中国被试效价	2.94 (0.58)	4.91 (0.99)	-4.86	< 0.001	2.43
IAPS唤醒度	4.12 (0.32)	3.90 (0.50)	1.08	0.298	0.54
中国被试唤醒度	5.28 (0.37)	5.07 (0.94)	0.59	0.564	0.30
中国被试熟悉度	4.17 (1.03)	4.39 (1.18)	-0.39	0.704	0.19

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