当婴儿还在子宫中时,可以通过超声波检查发现某些先天性心脏缺陷。在某些极端情况下,甚至可能在婴儿出生之前就建议进行治疗。这样做是为了纠正问题或减少孩子继续发育时的并发症。为了确定您的孩子是否患有先天性心脏病,医生会进行体格检查并用听诊器听心脏。医生会询问孩子的症状和病史,以及任何家族心脏病史。如果需要,医生可能会建议进行其他检查。可能会测量脉搏血氧饱和度以估计血液中的含氧量。这是一种使用手指传感器完成的简单检查。还可能进行心电图(ECG)检查以记录心脏中的电信号。这种检查无创无痛。医生可能会安排做超声心动图,使用声波生成心脏的影像。超声心动图可以让医生看到心肌和瓣膜运动,并诊断出大多数形式的先天性心脏病。可能会进行胸部 X 线检查,这可以显示心脏的大小和形状方面的问题。在某些情况下,医生可能要求进行心脏 MRI,即利用大型磁体拍摄心脏运动图像。医生可能会安排患者接受心脏导管插入术。在这种手术中,医生会通过一根针将一根导管(一根细塑料管)插入腿部、手臂或颈部的动脉或静脉,然后送入心脏各腔室。通过这种方式,医生可以检查心腔内的血流和压力。如今医生使用心脏导管插入术来封堵心脏中的某些孔或植入膨胀式瓣膜。
Congenital heart defects (CHD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/heartdefects/facts.html. Accessed Feb. 28, 2021.
Congenital heart defects. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects. Accessed Feb. 28, 2021.
Libby P, et al., eds. Pericardial diseases. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed March 2, 2022.
Overview of congenital cardiovascular anomalies. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies. Accessed March 1, 2022.
Tsintoni A, et al. Nutrition of neonates with congenital heart disease: Existing evidence, conflicts and concerns. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2019; doi:10.1080/14767058.2018.1548602.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: An overview for primary care providers. Pediatrics in Review. 2019; doi:10.1542/pir.2018-0005.
Otto CM, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2021; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.018.
Braswell-Pickering EA. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Jan. 7, 2022.
Tinker SC, et al. Use of benzodiazepine medications during pregnancy and potential risk for birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Birth Defects Research. 2019; doi:10.1002/bdr2.1497.
Bacino CA. Birth defects: Causes. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 24, 2021.
The impact of congenital heart defects. American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/the-impact-of-congenital-heart-defects. Accessed March 24, 2021.
Pierpoint MA, et al. Genetic basis for congenital heart disease: Revisited: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000606.
Phillips SD (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. May 4, 2021.