模拟联合国基础知识介绍

由于模拟联合国会议讨论的内容通常与学生日常接触到的内容差异较大，故需要学生通过一段时间的准备，对会议中讨论的议题、会议中代表的国家进行了解。会议准备部分将包括背景文件阅读、国家调研、立场文件写作等部分，每部分都会进行讲解介绍，为学生呈现模联准备周期的相关工作。

背景文件（Background Guide或Study Guide）是指由主席团（学术团队）撰写的，用于阐述委员会职权、议题概况和会议方向等内容的学术性文件。背景文件通常包括委员会职能、议题的历史和现状、主席团建议的讨论方向、参考资料等内容。

背景文件在每场模联大会的委员会、议题、主席团确认后，由各委员会主席团进行撰写，每个议题撰写一份背景文件（有时主席团还会在会前进行背景文件更新）。学术团队会通过查询、搜集、阅读和分析联合国文件、学术论文、国际新闻等资料，对所有资料进行整合归纳，总结出一份对于议题的总体学术介绍。

背景文件通常在会议前一个月左右和国家分配一同发给代表，代表通过阅读背景文件对议题进行大致的了解。同时，由于一个议题可能包括很多的子内容，主席团会在背景文件中有所侧重，对一部分内容进行清晰的介绍，帮助代表理清会议讨论的方向。

代表在充分地阅读并理解背景文件后，需要在背景文件的基础上对于讨论的议题进行进一步的调研，通过进一步的资料查找，了解解决该问题的可能办法和方案。通常而言，解决问题的可能方式通常可以通过两种渠道获得，分别是联合国已有行动和学者观点。

代表可以通过联合国文件中心（www.un.org/documents）、联合国新闻中心（www.un.org/news）、联合国网络电视（联合国会议录像）（webtv.un.org）等联合国官方网址，查找到相关议题的已有讨论内容和所有联合国文件。

对于很多久拖不决的议题，国内外很多的研究学者都有自己的观点，通过阅读相关学者的著作或论文，可以从另一个方面和维度了解该问题的产生原因、现存矛盾和可能的解决方案。通常查阅学者观点可以通过图书馆、中国知网、万方数据库、Google Scholar等方式进行查找。

国家调研在模拟联合国中主要是指参会代表对自己所代表的国家进行系统了解，并在此基础上结合会议议题，确认国家立场的过程。

代表在国家调研中，应调研会议中所代表国家的政治、经济、军事、各项指标的世界排位、比较优势、贸易往来与邦交状况、区域合作与国际活动参与情况等。同时，代表还应该重点关注本国与议题相关的行动（包括参加过的联合国行动），并查阅已签订的国际协定、法律等。

代表需要通过调研以上内容，了解本国在国际各方面的排名，并明确本国在即将讨论的议题中应持有何种观点。

立场文件（Position Paper）是表达某个国家或组织在某个特定议题上的立场概要的文件。立场文件是模拟联合国会议讨论的基础文件，它反映了“各国”针对会议所讨论问题的原则立场，并对如何解决上述问题提出本国的意见。

立场文件通常包括议题背景介绍、本国所持立场政策、本国过去已有行动（包括本国在该问题上已作出的国际行动、签署的国际协议等）、本国建议国际社会解决该议题的可行性措施、呼吁等。立场文件没有固定的内容和格式，其内容的安排顺序和文章结构都可以自己决定。

在模拟联合国活动中，立场文件篇幅一般要求不超过两页。因此，最好就一个议题下最重要的一两个方面详细阐述自己的观点，并就国际社会应如何应对该问题提出本国解决方案，次要方面一带而过。

Delegate: XXX

Country: Canada

Committee: High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development

Topic: Climate change & rights of development

It is of utmost importance that climate change is addressed, and amongst all the factors, revisiting the rights of development might be a key to this urgent matter. Inherent conflict between the rights of development and environmental protection is very obvious. The antagonism of environment and development is: propelling development of economy will inevitably lead to environmental degradation; while strict environmental policy limits economic opportunities. However, if we are able to strike a balance between the unlimited wants of human beings and the limited resources of our planet, sustainability is achieved.

Canada has been a devoted supporter in environmental protection and sustainable development. We price carbon pollution, initiate Green Procurement, conserve our ecosystem, encourage youth engagement, etc. The Federal Sustainable Development Strategy refined every three years makes sure that Canada is down-to-earth merging environmental protection into the daily lives of our people. In air pollution, we have managed to regulate greenhouse gas emissions (mainly CO2) below 2005 levels, control stable particulate matter levels since 2000 and reduce air quality threat concentrations(such as SO2, NO2, VOCs and O3) substantially over the past two decades. Internationally, we have participated in international climate change agreements, invested a lot in clean energy and renewable technology, and most importantly abided by the promises we have committed to.

Regarding the rights of development, Canada suggests that a comprehensive discussion is deemed so as to reach a consensus. Canada realizes that developed countries take up a certain part of pollution, while some are shifting carbon emissions to developing countries through chains of production. Taking into account historical emissions and various circumstances of different countries, Canada believes that the allocation of pollution (mainly focused on carbon emission) rights should fulfill the rights of development. Such collaboration must be fair to all, thus developing countries should not have their rights undermined in any aspect.

Also, developing countries should adopt sustainable development as a national principle to deal with conflicts regarding the rights of development and environmental responsibilities. Therefore, Canada:

1) Urges all countries to acknowledge the urgency of tackling climate change;

2) Highlights the impossibility of sacrificing the environment for development, thus sustainable development should be the key developing principle for all countries;

3) Recommends all countries to voluntarily report sustainability progress, so that forums such as HLPF could better facilitate as a platform where countries help out one another;

4) Encourages developed countries to take the lead in proposing clear targets for emission reduction;

5) Suggests developed countries to assist developing countries in sustainability through means of capital and technology;

6) Appeals developing countries to switch from previous energy-driven development models to sustainable development;

7) Proposes a subsidy-remedy for developing countries which had their pollution passed on by other countries.

In tow of our country’s past actions in supporting climate change initiatives in developing countries, Canada is willing to gather and guide developing countries into sustainable growth, and strongly emphasizes that developed countries have the responsibility to shoulder climate change, mainly acting as a guidance to developing countries, and providing assistance whenever necessary.