引用本文: 李虎, 张自强, 李先婷, 郭强, 刘真, 黎海明, 贾鑫. 河南新乡尚村遗址龙山文化早期木材资源利用研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2022, 42(1): 172-180. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2022.01.14 李虎, 张自强, 李先婷, 郭强, 刘真, 黎海明, 贾鑫. 河南新乡尚村遗址龙山文化早期木材资源利用研究[J]. 第四纪研究, 2022, 42(1): 172-180. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2022.01.14 LI Hu, ZHANG Ziqiang, LI Xianting, GUO Qiang, LIU Zhen, LI Haiming, JIA Xin. Wood resource utilization in early Longshan Period at Shangcun site in Xinxiang City, Henan Province[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2022, 42(1): 172-180. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2022.01.14 Citation: LI Hu, ZHANG Ziqiang, LI Xianting, GUO Qiang, LIU Zhen, LI Haiming, JIA Xin. Wood resource utilization in early Longshan Period at Shangcun site in Xinxiang City, Henan Province[J]. Quaternary Sciences , 2022, 42(1): 172-180. doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2022.01.14

木材资源是新石器农业人群利用的重要自然资源。文章对尚村遗址龙山文化早期灰坑内的木炭大化石进行种属鉴定和统计分析, 研究这一时期史前人群对木材资源的利用方式。203块木炭大化石共计鉴定出6种阔叶树材和1种针叶树材, 阔叶树材包括榆属、栎属、槭属、朴属、枣属、李属, 针叶树材为松属。发现有数量较多的小树枝、树皮和草本茎秆的炭化残留遗存。统计结果显示, 榆属的出土概率和百分含量分别达到了100% 和63.5%, 占据主导地位, 当时遗址周边生长有以榆树为主的落叶阔叶林。尚村先民使用的薪柴类型包括小树枝、树皮、大的枝干和草本类茎秆, 显示了古人类薪柴取材的多样性。尚村遗址木炭鉴定出极具食用价值的枣属、李属、栎属等果木类树种, 发现了1粒完整的郁李果核及部分碎片, 并发现了1粒葡萄属种籽, 说明果实是当时人类食物资源的一部分。

Abstract:

There are few studies on wood consumption in the Central Plains of China during the Longshan period. Although the northern part of Henan province is a major distribution area for Longshan cultural sites, no charcoal analysis work has been done there. Here, we present a quantitative result of charcoal fossil records from the Shangcun site, an early Longshan site in this region, to investigate the local woodland vegetation and human exploitation behavior of wood resources.

Shangcun site(35°19'03″N, 113°55'34″E) is located in Xinxiang City, Henan Province. The surrounding landform is an alluvial plain formed by Huang River and Wei River. Because of the long and intense human activity, the natural vegetation has been greatly altered. During the excavation by Xinxiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in 2018, 23 samples from three ash pits were collected and floated for plant remains. All the samples are dated back to the early Longshan period, based on the typologies of ceramics collected from the same ash pits. Charcoal fragments(> 2 mm) were screened out for identification by examining the transverse, radial and tangential sections under stereomicroscope and metalloscope.

A total of 231 charcoal fragments were analyzed, with seven taxa identified from 203 charcoal fragments and 28 fragments remaining unidentified. There is one conifer plant and six deciduous species. The conifer tree is Pinus and deciduous trees are Ulmus , Quercus , Acer , Celtis , Prunus and Ziziphus. Pinus was discovered in three samples, but its abundance is very low, accounting for only 3.9% of the total. Ulmus was the most abundant taxon, with its percentage making up over 60% in each sample and the total abundance ratio being 63.5%. Quercus and Acer were found in two samples, accounting for 8.9% and 5.4% of the total fragments. Celtis, Prunus and Ziziphus were found in one sample, accounting for 1.5%, 1.5% and 15.3% respectively. Some charred twigs, bark and herbaceous stems were found.

The charcoal records show that deciduous broad-leaved forest dominated by Ulmus grew around the site at that time. Small branches, large branches, bark, and herbaceous stems are among the firewood types, indicating a diverse firewood collection strategy. Fruit trees such as Prunus , Ziziphus and Quercus, as well as kernels of Cerasus japonica and one seed of Vitis were found in charcoal records, indicating that the Shangcun people used fruits and nuts as food resources.

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