1 Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241
2 Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000
3 Hangzhou Zhisen Forestry Survey Planning and Design Company Limited, Hangzhou 310000
4 Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai 200231
5 Ningbo Forestry Technology Service Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040

摘要：

岛屿因具有明确的地理边界, 是检验多个生态学过程如何构建生物多样性的理想平台之一。岛屿属性、气候因素、人类干扰等通过影响物种选择、扩散等过程, 进而影响着岛屿生物多样性格局。目前对于岛屿植物丰富度格局如何受这些因素的共同作用的认识仍不充分, 尤其是在人类干扰较强的海岛。本文基于我国第一大群岛舟山群岛92个岛屿较完整的种子植物分布数据, 采用一般线性回归和广义线性模型(伪泊松分布)定量评估岛屿属性(面积、隔离度、形状指数)、气候(温度、降水及其季节性)和人类干扰对本土植物总丰富度及不同生长型、叶物候型植物丰富度格局的影响, 采用beta回归分析常绿阔叶木本比率(常绿阔叶木本植物丰富度/所有阔叶木本植物丰富度)的影响因素。结果发现: 92个岛屿共记录本土植物1,158种, 其中乔木108种、灌木318种、草本732种; 岛屿面积是对植物总丰富度影响最大的因子, 其次是年降水量和隔离度; 乔木丰富度随隔离度增加而减少的趋势比灌木和草本更明显; 常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶木本植物丰富度格局与总体基本一致, 年降水量对常绿阔叶木本的影响大于落叶阔叶木本, 但常绿阔叶木本比率仅受温度季节性的强烈影响。岛屿面积、年降水量、温度季节性等是塑造舟山群岛所有植物及其不同功能型组(生长型、叶物候型)植物丰富度格局的主要决定因素。

功能生物地理学

Abstract

Aims: Islands are an ideal platform for investigating ecological processes that shape biodiversity assemblages because of their distinct boundaries. An island’s physical characteristics, climate, human impacts and other drivers shape an island’s biodiversity pattern by affecting species selection, dispersal and other processes. However, our knowledge around how such drivers concurrently affect island plant richness remains limited, especially on oceanic islands with strong human impacts.

Methods: We complied a comprehensive plant distribution database across 92 islands in the Zhoushan Archipelago, the largest archipelago in China. We then used general linear regression and generalized linear model (pseudo-Poisson distribution) to evaluate the effects of island’s physical characteristics (area, isolation and shape index), climate (temperature, precipitation and seasonality) and human impacts on the richness of native seed plants, and across different growth forms and leaf phenology types. We also used beta regression to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the ratio of evergreen broad-leaved woody plant richness to all broad-leaved woody plant richness.

Results: In total, there were 1,158 seed plant species, including 108 tree species, 318 shrub species and 732 herbaceous species. The strongest driver of plant richness was island area, followed by isolation and annual precipitation. Tree richness decreased with increasing isolation, and this trend was most notable among trees than among shrubs and herbs. The richness of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved woody plants was overall consistent with that of all plant richness. We found that annual precipitation had a stronger effect on evergreen broad-leaved woody than on deciduous, but the ratio of evergreen woody was only strongly affected by temperature seasonality.

Conclusion: We found that island area, annual precipitation, and temperature seasonality are the primary determinants in shaping the richness patterns of all plants and different functional groups (growth forms and leaf phenology types) across the 92 islands of China’s Zhoushan Archipelago.

Key words: island biogeography, macroecology, subtropical forest, human disturbance, functional biogeography

商晓凡, 张健, 高浩杰, 库伟鹏, 毕玉科, 李修鹏, 阎恩荣 (2023) 岛屿面积与气候共同影响舟山群岛种子植物丰富度格局. 生物多样性, 31, 23392. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023392 .

Shang Xiaofan, Zhang Jian, Gao Haojie, Ku Weipeng, Bi Yuke, Li Xiupeng, Yan Enrong (2023) Island area and climate jointly impact seed plant richness patterns across the Zhoushan Archipelago. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23392. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023392 .

图3 植物丰富度与环境因子的相关性。(a)面积(Area); (b)距大陆距离(DM); (c)岛屿形状指数(SI); (d)人类影响指数(HI); (e)年均温(MAT); (f)年降水量(MAP); (g)温度季节性(TS); (h)降水季节性(PS)。 Fig. 3 Correlations between all seed plant richness and environmental drivers. (a) Area; (b) The distance to mainland (DM); (c) Shape index (SI); (d) Human influence index (HI); (e) Mean annual air temperature (MAT); (f) Mean annual precipitation (MAP); (g) Temperature seasonality (TS); and (h) Precipitation seasonality (PS).

图3 植物丰富度与环境因子的相关性。(a)面积(Area); (b)距大陆距离(DM); (c)岛屿形状指数(SI); (d)人类影响指数(HI); (e)年均温(MAT); (f)年降水量(MAP); (g)温度季节性(TS); (h)降水季节性(PS)。

Fig. 3 Correlations between all seed plant richness and environmental drivers. (a) Area; (b) The distance to mainland (DM); (c) Shape index (SI); (d) Human influence index (HI); (e) Mean annual air temperature (MAT); (f) Mean annual precipitation (MAP); (g) Temperature seasonality (TS); and (h) Precipitation seasonality (PS).

图4 岛屿属性、气候与人类影响对本土植物丰富度的影响。(a)所有种子植物; (b)乔木; (c)灌木; (d)草本。直线代表95%置信区间; 虚线左侧为负相关, 右侧为正相关; 三角形代表标准化参数的估计值显著, 点则不显著。岛屿属性、气候、人类影响、变量间的交互变量分别用绿色、蓝色、紫色和红色表示。变量缩写同图3。纵轴上交互项之间用冒号表示。 Fig. 4 Effects of island physical characteristics, climate and human influence on native seed plant richness. (a) All seed plants; (b) Trees; (c) Shrubs; and (d) Herbs. The straight line represents the 95% confidence interval. The left side of the vertical dashed line indicates for negative correlations, while the right for positive correlations. The triangles indicate statistically significant estimates of standardized coefficients, and the dot points show the non-significant ones. Island characteristics, climate, human influence and their interactions are represented in green, blue, purple and red, respectively. Variable abbreviations are the same in Fig. 3. Interaction variables are separated by colons.

图4 岛屿属性、气候与人类影响对本土植物丰富度的影响。(a)所有种子植物; (b)乔木; (c)灌木; (d)草本。直线代表95%置信区间; 虚线左侧为负相关, 右侧为正相关; 三角形代表标准化参数的估计值显著, 点则不显著。岛屿属性、气候、人类影响、变量间的交互变量分别用绿色、蓝色、紫色和红色表示。变量缩写同图3。纵轴上交互项之间用冒号表示。

Fig. 4 Effects of island physical characteristics, climate and human influence on native seed plant richness. (a) All seed plants; (b) Trees; (c) Shrubs; and (d) Herbs. The straight line represents the 95% confidence interval. The left side of the vertical dashed line indicates for negative correlations, while the right for positive correlations. The triangles indicate statistically significant estimates of standardized coefficients, and the dot points show the non-significant ones. Island characteristics, climate, human influence and their interactions are represented in green, blue, purple and red, respectively. Variable abbreviations are the same in Fig. 3. Interaction variables are separated by colons.

图5 岛屿属性、气候与人类影响对木本植物丰富度的影响。(a)常绿阔叶木本; (b)落叶阔叶木本; (c)常绿阔叶木本占总阔叶木本植物的比率。直线代表95%置信区间; 虚线左侧为负相关, 右侧为正相关; 三角形代表标准化参数的估计值显著, 点则不显著。岛屿属性、气候、人类影响、变量间的交互变量分别用绿色、蓝色、紫色和红色表示。变量缩写同图3。纵轴上交互项之间用冒号表示。 Fig. 5 Effects of island physical characteristics, climate and human influence on woody plant richness. (a) Evergreen broad-leaved woody plants; (b) Deciduous broad-leaved woody plants; and (c) The ratio of evergreen broad-leaved woody plant richness to all broad-leaved woody plant richness. The straight line represents the 95% confidence interval. The left side of the vertical dashed line indicates negative correlations, while the right for positive correlations. The triangles indicate statistically significant estimates of standardized coefficients, and the dot points show the non-significant ones. Island characteristics, climate, human influence and their interactions are represented in green, blue, purple and red, respectively. Variable abbreviations are the same in Fig. 3. Interaction variables are separated by colons.

图5 岛屿属性、气候与人类影响对木本植物丰富度的影响。(a)常绿阔叶木本; (b)落叶阔叶木本; (c)常绿阔叶木本占总阔叶木本植物的比率。直线代表95%置信区间; 虚线左侧为负相关, 右侧为正相关; 三角形代表标准化参数的估计值显著, 点则不显著。岛屿属性、气候、人类影响、变量间的交互变量分别用绿色、蓝色、紫色和红色表示。变量缩写同图3。纵轴上交互项之间用冒号表示。

Fig. 5 Effects of island physical characteristics, climate and human influence on woody plant richness. (a) Evergreen broad-leaved woody plants; (b) Deciduous broad-leaved woody plants; and (c) The ratio of evergreen broad-leaved woody plant richness to all broad-leaved woody plant richness. The straight line represents the 95% confidence interval. The left side of the vertical dashed line indicates negative correlations, while the right for positive correlations. The triangles indicate statistically significant estimates of standardized coefficients, and the dot points show the non-significant ones. Island characteristics, climate, human influence and their interactions are represented in green, blue, purple and red, respectively. Variable abbreviations are the same in Fig. 3. Interaction variables are separated by colons.

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