,
,
,
and
*
江瑜 蔡
复旦大学附属华山医院运动医学与关节镜外科(上海 200040),
Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R.China
文赫 金
复旦大学附属华山医院运动医学与关节镜外科(上海 200040),
Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R.China
旦丹 盛
复旦大学附属华山医院运动医学与关节镜外科(上海 200040),
Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R.China
世益 陈
复旦大学附属华山医院运动医学与关节镜外科(上海 200040),
Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R.China
复旦大学附属华山医院运动医学与关节镜外科(上海 200040),
Department of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R.China
结论
ALL 是一条位于膝关节前外侧的独立非等长韧带结构,其长度存在性别差异。ALL 在维持膝关节旋转稳定性方面发挥一定作用,临床上应引起足够重视。
Keywords:
膝关节, 前外侧韧带, 外侧副韧带, 解剖学
Abstract
Objective
To make further exploration of the structure characteristics of anterolateral ligament (ALL) and provide clinical reference for diagnosis and treatment of ALL injury, especially for ALL reconstruction through anatomical study of ALL in a Chinese population.
Methods
Sixteen cadaveric knees, including 8 left knees and 8 right knees with sex ratio of 1∶1 and a mean age of 73.5 years (range, 57-84 years), were dissected to reveal the ALL through a standard approach. A qualitative and a quantitative characterizations of the ALL were performed.
Results
ALL was seen in 75.0% of the specimens, originating on the lateral femoral epicondyle, proximal and posterior to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). It coursed on LCL or was parallel to LCL, anterodistally to its anterolateral tibial attachment approximately midway between the center of the Gerdy’s tubercle and the lateral margin of the fibular head. A strong connection was observed between the middle part of the ALL and the periphery of the meniscal body of the lateral meniscus. The distance between the center of the insertion and Gerdy’s tubercle was (23.9±3.3) mm; and the distance between the center of the insertion and the lateral margin of the fibular head was (23.8±4.0) mm. The ALL length at 0° and 60° flexion and neutral knee rotation were (44.8±5.1) mm and (47.8±5.5) mm respectively (
t
=14.071,
P
=0.000), and the ligament had its great extend at 60° of knee flexion and internal rotation. Furthermore, the ALL length at 0° and 60° flexion of males were both significantly higher than those of females (
t
=2.920,
P
=0.015;
t
=2.806,
P
=0.019), while other measurements differences were significant between males and females (
P
>0.05).
Conclusion
ALL is an independent and a non-isometric ligament located in the anterolateral area to the knee, of which the length is different between males and females. ALL plays a role in rotational stability of the knee, and should be put much emphasis in clinical practice.
Keywords:
Knee joint, anterolateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, anatomy
膝关节前外侧韧带(anterolateral ligament,ALL)一直是一个复杂而富有争议的结构
[
1
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。1879 年,法国 Paul Segond 医生在描述 Segond 骨折时首次提到在人膝关节前外侧存在一条类珍珠色、有抗性的纤维条带,并且与 Segond 骨折的发生密切相关。之后,众多学者进行了相关研究,提出了不同的描述以及名称,如外侧副韧带前束、2/3 外侧关节囊韧带、髂胫束近关节囊层
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]
。2007 年,Vieira 等
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首次将这一结构命名为 ALL。然而,ALL 并非存在于所有人体内。比利时学者 Claes 等
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对 41 具人膝关节标本进行解剖学研究,发现 40 具存在 ALL,出现率为 97%;英国学者 Dodds 等
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7
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对 40 具人膝关节标本进行解剖学观察,其中 33 具存在 ALL,出现率为 83%;而日本学者 Watanabe 等
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8
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针对 94 具人膝关节标本观察中,ALL 发现率仅为 37.2%。美国学者 Musahl等
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9
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甚至对人膝关节是否存在 ALL 提出了质疑。另外,关于 ALL 解剖学特征描述,特别是其起点和走行,目前仍存在许多争议,这也给临床处理膝关节旋转不稳定带来了许多困扰
[
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。
目前,我国有关 ALL 的研究极少,查阅文献仅发现 1 篇关于 ALL 尸体解剖研究报道
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,尚缺乏详细描述其出现率和大体解剖结构的研究。本研究拟在既往研究基础上,对 ALL 进行解剖学研究,旨在深入探讨国人 ALL 的结构特征,为临床 ALL 损伤的诊治,特别是 ALL 重建手术的开展提供参考。
1. 材料与方法
1.1. 实验标本
经 10% 甲醛固定的成年尸体膝关节标本 16 具,由复旦大学上海医学院解剖学教研室提供。男、女各 8 具,左、右膝各 8 具;供体年龄 57~84 岁,平均 73.5 岁。标本均无畸形、膝关节疾病及外伤。
1.2. 实验方法
根据标准入路进行解剖,于膝关节外侧面作一矩形切口,清除髂胫束(iliotibial band,ITB)、伸肌装置和股二头肌短头及表面脂肪组织。于邻近股骨外上髁约 6 cm 处横向切断髂胫束,沿肌间隔、外侧支持带完整分离,向远侧分离至胫骨附着点即 Gerdy 结节处。切除髌骨及髌腱,将 ITB 翻起后,即可显露关节囊及外侧副韧带(lateral collateral ligament,LCL)。将膝关节屈曲至 60° 并内旋,一般透过关节囊即可见到 1 条纤维束,起始于股骨外侧,止于 Gerdy 结节和腓骨头之间,即为 ALL(
)。解剖过程中注意区分 ALL 和髂胫束骨膜层。ALL 近端起于股骨外上髁,而髂胫束骨膜层的近端与跖肌和腓肠肌的腱膜相连,没有骨性附着区
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。
观察 ALL 出现情况及其起、止点;游标卡尺(精确度 0.1 mm;江苏冠星科教设备有限公司)测量膝关节中立位屈曲 0° 和 60° 时 ALL 长度(即 ALL 起、止点中心距离),ALL 在股骨止点、关节线、胫骨止点的宽度,在关节线水平的厚度,止点中心分别与 Gerdy 结节中心以及腓骨头最外侧缘的距离;量角器(精确度 1°;浙江得力集团有限公司)测量膝关节屈曲 60° 时 ALL 与 LCL 两者纵轴线夹角。
1.3. 统计学方法
采用 SPSS19.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用成组
t
检验,组内比较采用配对
t
检验;检验水准
α
=0.05。
2. 结果
解剖观察见,16 具标本中 12 具可见 ALL,出现率为 75.0%;男、女各 6 具。ALL 位于膝关节前外侧,连结股骨和胫骨,是独立于关节囊的结构。它起自股骨外上髁,起点位于 LCL 的起点近端后方,其走行越过 LCL 表面或与之并行,与 LCL 形成一定的夹角;止点位于 Gerdy 结节和腓骨头之间(
)。ALL 中段与外侧半月板体部边缘紧密相连(
)。
3. 讨论
本研究解剖观察显示 ALL 存在,它是一条位于膝关节前外侧的独立韧带结构,出现率为 75.0%。关于 ALL 起点,学者们有不同的描述。Vieira 等
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描述 ALL 起点位于或接近腘肌腱的附着点;Claes 等
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提出 ALL 起点位于股骨外上髁,LCL 附着点的前方;Helito 等
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认为其位于 LCL 附着点远端前方,而 Dodds 等
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描述为位于 LCL 附着点近端后方。但是,大多数学者对于 ALL 止点描述较为一致,认为其在 Gerdy 结节和腓骨头的中间位置
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。本研究所见 ALL 起点与 Dodds 等
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描述一致,止点位于 Gerdy 结节和腓骨头之间,而且止点到 Gerdy 结节中心和腓骨头最外侧缘之间的距离基本相等。Zens 等
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通过测量膝关节不同屈曲角度下 ALL 长度,发现随着屈曲角度增加,ALL 长度显著增加;而且 ALL 在膝关节屈曲 90°、内旋 25° 时最为紧张。本研究发现 ALL 为非等长结构,在膝关节屈曲 60° 时 ALL 长度显著大于屈曲 0° 时,并且在合并内旋时 ALL 较为紧张。但因标本质量限制,无法测量屈曲 90° 的情况,未得出进一步结论。
本研究还发现 ALL 中段与外侧半月板体部边缘紧密相连,无法清晰分离半月板纤维和韧带纤维。Helito 等
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提出 ALL 可能与外侧半月板撕裂,特别是半月板外侧边缘的撕裂有关,并且外侧半月板 ALL 附丽部分的撕裂可能会造成膝关节旋转不稳,但该结论有待进一步验证。
此外,本研究根据性别对测量结果进行分组比较。Runer 等
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通过测量膝关节中立位屈曲 0、60 和 90° 时 ALL 长度,发现在任意屈曲角度男性 ALL 长度均大于女性。我们比较分析也发现在膝关节屈曲 0° 和 60° 时男性 ALL 长度均大于女性,分析可能与男性活动量较大,以致 ALL 更发达有关。
综上所述,ALL 是一条位于膝关节前外侧独立的韧带结构,出现率为 75.0%。ALL 起点位于 LCL 附着点近端后方,其走行越过 LCL 表面或与之并行,并与外侧半月板体部边缘紧密相连,止点位于 Gerdy 结节和腓骨头之间。此外,ALL 为非等长结构,并且其长度在不同性别间存在差异。ALL 在维持膝关节旋转稳定性方面发挥一定作用,临床上应引起足够重视。但本研究也存在一些局限性。例如,标本较少,供体年龄较大,ALL 及其周围组织等解剖结构可能退变。另外,甲醛处理对标本组织学特性和生物力学性能有影响,无法进一步进行如组织切片及生物力学等检测。因此,本研究结论有待进一步明确。
Funding Statement
国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)(2015AA033703);国家自然科学基金资助项目(81572108、81370052);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC1100300)
National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2015AA033703); National Natural Science Foundation of China (81572108, 81370052); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1100300)
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