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Fritz Lang
(born December 5, 1890, Vienna, Austria-Hungary—died August 2, 1976,
Los Angeles
,
California
, U.S.) was an Austrian-born American motion-picture director whose films, dealing with fate and people’s inevitable working out of their destinies, are considered masterpieces of visual
composition
and expressionistic suspense. Lang had already created an impressive body of work in the German
cinema
before coming to the
United States
in 1934. Although it took him some 21 years to fashion 22 Hollywood films, arguably at least half of them are noirish masterpieces of menace—tone poems of fear and fate that have stood the test of time.
Early life and German films
Lang’s father was a
Baumeister
(designer-contractor) and, as such, did not quite enjoy the status of an architect, which Lang later claimed was his father’s occupation. His mother, who may well have converted from
Judaism
to
Roman Catholicism
in response to growing
anti-Semitism
in Austria, raised her children in the Roman Catholic faith. Lang briefly studied
civil engineering
in
Vienna
but soon became enamoured of café life and painting (especially the works of
Egon Schiele
and
Gustav Klimt
). For several years he traveled in
North Africa
, Asia, and the South Seas and throughout Europe, studying painting in
Munich
and
Paris
. An exhibition of his paintings opened in Paris in 1914, just before he returned to
Austria
and was conscripted into the Austrian army for service in
World War I
. He was
wounded
four times (losing vision in his right eye), ultimately requiring a year’s convalescence in a Vienna army hospital, where he tried his hand at writing screenplays. After his discharge he began acting on the Vienna stage. In Berlin he wrote screenplays for producer Joe May, and in 1919 he was given the opportunity to write and direct his first movie,
Halbblut
(
The Half-Caste
), the theme of which foreshadowed such triumphs from his Hollywood period as
The Woman in the Window
(1944) and
Scarlet Street
(1945). In 1920 he began working for producer Erich Pommer at Decla Biscop Studio, which became part of the German filmmaking giant
UFA
.
Through the 1920s Lang made evermore ambitious films, some of them so long and dense that they were exhibited in two parts. Among the best known are
Der müde Tod
(1921;
Destiny
), an allegorical melodrama;
Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler - Ein Bild der Zeit
(1922;
Dr. Mabuse: The Gambler
), a crime thriller; and
Die Nibelungen: Siegfried
(1924;
Siegfried
) and
Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilds Rache
(1924;
Kriemhild’s Revenge
), both of which were based on a 13th-century epic saga. In 1920 Lang married novelist Thea von Harbou, with whom he had been
collaborating
on screenplays and would continue to do so through 1932. In 1924 he traveled to the United States for the first time, to observe moviemaking techniques in
New York City
and
Hollywood
.
Fritz Lang (right) directing
The Woman in the Moon
(1929).
Lang’s first project upon his return to
Germany
was the futuristic masterpiece
Metropolis
(1927), which he spent most of 1925 and 1926 shooting for UFA, nearly exhausting the considerable resources of the studio. The film’s plot, about a repressive society divided into exploited workers, indolent rulers, and emotionless robots, may have owed something to
H.G. Wells
, but the breathtaking visual scheme was like nothing ever attempted on screen. Lang planned and executed his films in
exquisite
visual detail, and his placement of people, places, and things within the frame (mise-en-scène) and his expressive use of lighting were calculated, exacting, and
evocative
. With
Metropolis
he was aided not just by the renowned cinematographer Karl Freund but also by special-effects innovator Eugen Schüfftan, who employed a camera process of his own invention that made it possible to blend shots of miniatures with live action by using a specially designed mirror. After self-producing the crime film
Spione
(
Spies
) in 1928, Lang returned to
science fiction
for the silent production
Frau im Mond
(1929;
Woman in the Moon
; also known as
By Rocket to the Moon
), which was released without even a score.
His first sound film,
M
(1931), a horrifying account of a child murderer (based on a true story), was Lang’s greatest international success and, ultimately, his own personal favourite among his films. Anchored by
Peter Lorre
’s chilling performance as the unhinged killer of young girls who is finally hunted down by the Berlin underworld,
M
is one of the cinema’s enduring early talkies and a landmark of German
Expressionism
, the national artistic movement that employed distortion and exaggeration to depict subjective emotions and responses rather than objective reality and that was suffused in alienation and pessimism. Expressionism’s cinematic development was bookended by Robert Wiene’s
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
(1920) and
M
.
Less compelling was
Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse
(1933;
The Testament of Dr. Mabuse
), a crime thriller that was overtly the sequel to
Dr. Mabuse: The Gambler
; covertly, it was intended by Lang as an anti-
Nazi
statement that equated the state and German dictator
Adolph Hitler
with criminality.
Joseph Goebbels
, Hitler’s minister of
propaganda
, banned the film but summoned Lang to a meeting in which he informed the filmmaker of Hitler’s admiration for
M
and offered him the post of artistic director of UFA, the leading position in the German film industry. Wanting no part of that and fearful of what might ultimately happen to him as result of his half-Jewish background, Lang fled to Paris (though he would return to Germany again briefly on a couple of occasions). He left behind his bank accounts, personal belongings, and wife, van Harbou, who was already a member of the Nazi Party; she divorced Lang and became one of the
Third Reich
’s most-accomplished writers and directors of
propaganda
films.
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