面对遭受心理创伤的移民和难民学生，教师准备不足| UNESCO

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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/pexels-min-an-1313814_1.jpg?h=3e3a268a&amp;itok=qeXpCAxZ 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/pexels-min-an-1313814_1.jpg?h=3e3a268a&amp;itok=qeXpCAxZ" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">文化</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/communication-information" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370">传播与信息</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/communication-information" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.webp?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=i1QjIQ2c 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.webp?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=PLlgxb5d 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.webp?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=wZzETgNM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=i1QjIQ2c 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=PLlgxb5d 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=wZzETgNM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=wZzETgNM" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">传播与信息</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/ocean" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66813">海洋</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/ocean" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.webp?h=485955ec&amp;itok=thmYM1ml 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.webp?h=485955ec&amp;itok=0gLljC_i 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.webp?h=485955ec&amp;itok=5FT0C7dS 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=thmYM1ml 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=0gLljC_i 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=5FT0C7dS 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/png"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=5FT0C7dS" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">海洋</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/africa" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378">非洲</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2022-02/shutterstock_1685506030.jpg?h=e9fe42b1&amp;itok=wJZsxxOV 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-02/shutterstock_1685506030.jpg?h=e9fe42b1&amp;itok=ATb1Gnt- 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-02/shutterstock_1685506030.jpg?h=e9fe42b1&amp;itok=ATb1Gnt-" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">非洲</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/gender-equality" class="nav-link">性别平等</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/gender-equality" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.webp?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=UdoxyFdn 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.webp?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=O5PHwcSE 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.webp?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=NYCt1eG6 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.png?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=UdoxyFdn 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.png?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=O5PHwcSE 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.png?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=NYCt1eG6 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/png"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.png?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=NYCt1eG6" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">性别平等</span></div></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <span class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown-menu" title="Expand menu 我们的影响力">我们的影响力</span><div class="big menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-0 dropdown-menu bg-primary menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-level_0"><div class="row submenu-wrapper"><div class="left-wrapper col-lg-3 col-md-12"><div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">了解教科文组织在世界各地的影响力，以及本组织为建设持久和平所做的努力。</div><div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden menu-links field__items"><div class="field__item menu-link"><a class="btn btn-secondary" href="/zh/node/1063">我们的影响力</a></div></div></div><div class="right-wrapper col-lg-9 col-md-12"><div class="main-navigation collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav"><ul class="menu nav navbar-nav menu-level-1"><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/node/818" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/818">案例</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/node/818" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.webp?h=9462684d&amp;itok=SChLiczi 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.webp?h=9462684d&amp;itok=K9ZPi2jv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.webp?h=9462684d&amp;itok=fd9Xjhhp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=SChLiczi 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=K9ZPi2jv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=fd9Xjhhp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=fd9Xjhhp" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">案例</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/lists-designations" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66210">名录</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/lists-designations" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.webp?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=Ct778Ps0 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.webp?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=_o_cx-TP 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.webp?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=pHZnN1QM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=Ct778Ps0 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=_o_cx-TP 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=pHZnN1QM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=pHZnN1QM" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">名录</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/legal-affairs" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66535">Standard setting &amp; legal affairs</a><div class="menu_link_content 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2022-09/tmb-nav-vert_normative-action.jpg?h=485955ec&amp;itok=y94-0zL9 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-09/tmb-nav-vert_normative-action.jpg?h=485955ec&amp;itok=bXHjf7qO 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-09/tmb-nav-vert_normative-action.jpg?h=485955ec&amp;itok=bXHjf7qO" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">Standard setting &amp; legal affairs</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/zh/explore?date_from=%5B2-years-ago%5D" class="nav-link">教科文组织在全球</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/zh/explore?date_from=%5B2-years-ago%5D" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-05/2003_Convention.webp?h=8b6e3e77&amp;itok=rV1nyW_5 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-05/2003_Convention.webp?h=8b6e3e77&amp;itok=0MB4WB-l 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-05/2003_Convention.webp?h=8b6e3e77&amp;itok=dVaX8TyF 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-05/2003_Convention.png?h=8b6e3e77&amp;itok=rV1nyW_5 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-05/2003_Convention.png?h=8b6e3e77&amp;itok=0MB4WB-l 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/png"/> <source 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data-nid="47430"><div class="node__content"><div class="header-node-content"><p class="section-text is-arrow text-primary"><span>新闻</span></p><h1 class="title article-title">面对遭受心理创伤的移民和难民学生，教师准备不足</h1></div><div class="main-node-content"><div class="content-narrow"><div class="media-wrapper"><div class="media-image field field--name-field-ref-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-medium"><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/public/unesco-unga-higher-education-refugees-c-jerome_cid_.webp?itok=KQWiBlyz 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_tablet/public/unesco-unga-higher-education-refugees-c-jerome_cid_.webp?itok=6W8jbBVG 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_mobile/public/unesco-unga-higher-education-refugees-c-jerome_cid_.webp?itok=GCuMdefd 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/public/unesco-unga-higher-education-refugees-c-jerome_cid_.jpg?itok=KQWiBlyz 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_tablet/public/unesco-unga-higher-education-refugees-c-jerome_cid_.jpg?itok=6W8jbBVG 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_mobile/public/unesco-unga-higher-education-refugees-c-jerome_cid_.jpg?itok=GCuMdefd 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/public/unesco-unga-higher-education-refugees-c-jerome_cid_.jpg?itok=KQWiBlyz"/> </picture></div> </article></div><div class="media-footer"><div class="media-copyright">© Jerome Cid</div></div></div><div class="content-infos-wrapper"><div class="content-date-wrapper"><div class="created-time"><span>21 June 2019</span></div><div class="updated-time"><span>Last update:</span><span>20 April 2023</span></div></div></div><div class="field field--name-field-paragraphs field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>联合国教科文组织“全球教育监测报告”在世界难民日（6月20日）发布了一项新的<a href="https://eu.vocuspr.com/Tracking.aspx?Data=HHL%3d8%2c5689-%3eLCE2%3e2%3a3%401-GLCE17.6&amp;RE=MC&amp;RI=6035867&amp;Preview=False&amp;DistributionActionID=52496&amp;Action=Follow+Link">政策文件</a>，该文件旨在应对心理创伤给教育带来的挑战。自2000年以来，全球移民和难民儿童数量增长了26%，他们中不少人曾经历过心理创伤。这些孩子中的许多人在离开故土之前、移徙途中，又或是在新的社区或国家定居期间遭受了心理创伤，并承受着精神压力，这会影响他们的学习能力。</strong></p><p>叙利亚冲突爆发至今已有8年，该新政策文件呼吁加强对教师的培训，并为受创伤的儿童提供心理辅导。</p><p>德国一所学校“欢迎新移民班”的老师赫布斯特（Jenny Caroline Herbst）说：“有个男孩曾在伊拉克被关押，如果你对他大喊大叫，他就会跑出教室不愿回来。我没接受过这方面的正规培训，面对这种情况确实感到不知所措。通常，老师们意识不到受过创伤的孩子无法像其他孩子一样学习。这些孩子没有家人陪伴，他们找不到一个可以疗伤的舒适区。”</p><p>在德国，五分之一的难民儿童患有创伤后应激障碍。无人陪伴的未成年人出现这类问题的可能性极大；在挪威，来自阿富汗、伊朗和索马里的160名寻求庇护的儿童中，有三分之一患有创伤后应激障碍；在比利时，166名无人陪伴的难民儿童和青少年中，37-47％患有严重或非常严重的焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激障碍。</p><p>中低收入国家流离失所者中经受创伤的比例同样很高。例如，苏丹达尔富尔南部收容所里的331名流浪儿童中，75%符合创伤后应激障碍标准，38%患有抑郁症。</p><p>在医疗条件匮乏的情况下，学校往往在帮助这些儿童重新开始稳定生活上发挥着重要作用。尽管如此，教师需要对创伤症状有所了解才能帮助受创学生。然而，接收国的教师们正面临重重挑战，尤其是在需要处理紧急情况的时候。一些非政府组织，包括国际救援委员会（International Rescue Committee），医疗行动协会（iACT）和计划国际（Plan International），正在培训教师，帮助他们应对这一挑战，但其影响力有限。</p><p>“全球教育监测报告”负责人安东尼尼斯（Manos Antoninis）说：“教师不是，也不应该被视为心理健康专家，但如果他们接受了正确的培训，就可以成为一个重要的资源，帮助支持遭受了创伤的儿童。”</p><p>多数德国教师和托儿所工作者表示，他们没有为应对难民儿童的需求做好充足准备。20%在荷兰主流学校工作逾18年的教师称，他们在与创伤学生打交道时遇到了很大的困难。这些教师中，有89%的人在工作中至少会遇到一名受过创伤的学生。对欧洲和北美难民儿童的早期儿童保育和教育设施的审查发现，虽然许多方案认识到提供心理创伤护理知识的重要性，但培训和资源“几乎普遍缺乏”。</p><p>安东尼尼斯还说：“冲突和流离失所带来的伤害难以被驱散。为此，各国在必须在其教学实践中采取重大变革，并付诸实施。教师应转变其教育方法，通过角色扮演和小组讨论等活动帮助这些孩子建立自信、学会自我表达。他们的一生可能因此而改变。”</p><p> </p><p>主要建议：</p><ol><li>建立安全、重在育人、反应及时的学习环境。</li><li>面对经受过创伤的移民和难民学生，教师需要帮助和培训以应对课堂上的挑战。</li><li>教育、医疗和社保服务各方需要密切合作来开展心理社会干预。</li><li>社会和情感学习干预应注重文化差异并根据具体情况做出调整，并融入课堂和课外活动。</li><li>提高社区和家长的参与度。</li></ol><p>***</p><p>如需更多信息，或联系德国教师赫布斯特或类似案例研究，请联系Kate Redman，<a href="&amp;#109;&amp;#97;&amp;#105;&amp;#108;&amp;#116;&amp;#111;&amp;#58;&amp;#107;&amp;#46;&amp;#114;&amp;#101;&amp;#100;&amp;#109;&amp;#97;&amp;#110;&amp;#64;&amp;#117;&amp;#110;&amp;#101;&amp;#115;&amp;#99;&amp;#111;&amp;#46;&amp;#111;&amp;#114;&amp;#103;">&amp;#107;&amp;#46;&amp;#114;&amp;#101;&amp;#100;&amp;#109;&amp;#97;&amp;#110;&amp;#64;&amp;#117;&amp;#110;&amp;#101;&amp;#115;&amp;#99;&amp;#111;&amp;#46;&amp;#111;&amp;#114;&amp;#103;</a>，+33(0)671786234</p></div></div></div></div><div><h3 class="share-title">Share</h3><div style="display: none"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol id="copy" viewbox="0 0 64 64"> <path d="M44.697 36.069l6.337-6.337c4.623-4.622 4.623-12.143 0-16.765-4.622-4.623-12.143-4.623-16.765 0l-9.145 9.145c-4.622 4.622-4.622 12.143 0 16.765 0.683 0.683 1.43 1.262 2.22 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