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Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020 Aug 18; 52(4): 780–784.
Published online 2020 Jun 2. Chinese. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.04.033
PMCID: PMC7433616

Language: Chinese | English

肾移植术后感染新型冠状病毒1例

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in renal transplant recipients: A case report

李 秋钰

北京大学第三医院呼吸与危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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程 秦

北京大学第三医院呼吸与危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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赵 志伶

北京大学第三医院危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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代 妮妮

北京大学第三医院呼吸与危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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曾 琳

北京大学第三医院临床流行病学研究中心,北京 100191, Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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朱 兰

华中科技大学同济医院器官移植科,武汉 430030, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China

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郭 炜

北京大学第三医院放射科,北京 100191, Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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李 超

北京大学第三医院危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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王 军红

北京大学第三医院急诊科,北京 100191, Department of Emergency, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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李 姝

北京大学第三医院急诊科,北京 100191, Department of Emergency, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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葛 庆岗

北京大学第三医院危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

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沈 宁

北京大学第三医院呼吸与危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China 北京大学第三医院呼吸与危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China 北京大学第三医院危重医学科,北京 100191, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China 北京大学第三医院临床流行病学研究中心,北京 100191, Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China 华中科技大学同济医院器官移植科,武汉 430030, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China 北京大学第三医院放射科,北京 100191, Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China 北京大学第三医院急诊科,北京 100191, Department of Emergency, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China

既往史:11年前怀孕期间发现尿蛋白2+,伴有轻度双下肢水肿,无血压升高,否认妊娠高血压综合征诊断,期间患者反复于“感冒”时出现肉眼血尿,未诊治。6年前发生头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐且血压升高,最高达200/160 mmHg,血肌酐180 μmol/L,伴轻度双下肢水肿,服用中药治疗,此后肾穿刺活检提示IgA肾病,给予激素、环磷酰胺冲击治疗3次,具体剂量不详,随后改为口服泼尼松且逐渐减量至10 mg进行维持治疗,血肌酐逐渐升高,1年前复查血肌酐约为500 μmol/L,伴有全身水肿、低白蛋白血症、尿蛋白增加,利尿效果不佳,行血液透析治疗3个月。1年前诊断高血压,口服倍他乐克47.5 mg每日1次、硝苯地平20 mg每日1次治疗。于2019年8月行肾移植手术,术后血肌酐维持在130~140 μmol/L,尿量正常,口服泼尼松20 mg/d,他克莫司2 mg/晨、1.5 mg/晚,以及吗替麦考酚酯治疗(据血药浓度进行调整)。否认糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(简称冠心病)、甲状腺相关疾病史,无肺部基础疾病,否认吸烟史,否认食物、药物过敏史。

入院体格检查:体温36.0 ℃,脉搏103次/min,呼吸20次/min,血压149/97 mmHg,血氧饱和度(SpO 2 )99%(未吸氧)。患者神志清醒,口唇及甲床无紫绀,于入院后第13天(2月26日)出现双足轻度水肿。入院后体温变化及相关实验室检查如 图 2 图 3 所示,白细胞1.0×10 9 /L~8.0×10 9 /L,淋巴细胞从0.4×10 9 /L下降至0.2×10 9 /L,第7天开始上升。尿常规检查示尿红细胞2+、尿蛋白2+。血生化检查中,谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)44 U/L、总蛋白(total protein,TP)86.9 g/L、球蛋白(globulin)50.2 g/L、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)119 U/L、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,γ-GGT)46 U/L、乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)288 U/L、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)7.70 mmol/L、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)167 μmol/L、碳酸氢根(bicarbonate radical,HCO 3 - )19.5 mmol/L,均升高; 肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)下降为33.4 mL/(min·1.73 m 2 )。此外,D-二聚体(D-dimer)水平升高,为1.16 mg/L; 高敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平升高,为9.1 mg/L。炎症因子的检测中,白细胞介素1β为6.6 ng/L、白细胞介素2受体为611 U/mL、白细胞介素6为42.38 ng/L、白细胞介素8为16.3 ng/L、白细胞介素10为5.9 ng/L、肿瘤坏死因子α为14.9 ng/L。降钙素原、铁蛋白、血糖、心肌损伤标志物基本正常。

患者的体温变化

Changes in the patient's body temperature

The body temperature was normal (36.0 ℃) at the time of admission, and the fever of remittent appeared from the next day. The body temperature fluctuated from 37.9 ℃ to 38.8 ℃. Since the 7th day of hospitalization, the body temperature dropped to normal and fluctuated at 35.8 ℃ to 36.7 ℃. D, day; am, ante meridiem; pm, post meridiem.

患者住院期间实验室检查结果的变化

Changes in laboratory test results during the hospital stay of the patient

The patient was in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3 stage at the time of admission, and on the 9th day of hospitalization, there was a progressive decrease in serum creatinine (Scr) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) returning to 50 mL/(min·1.73 m 2 ). After admission, leukocytes (WBC) fluctuated from 1.0×10 9 /L to 8.0×10 9 /L, and that of platelets (PLT) increased from 120×10 9 /L to 220×10 9 /L. Lymphocytes (LYM) decreased from 0.4×10 9 /L to 0.2×10 9 /L, and continued to rise to 1.5×10 9 /L on the 7th day. Meanwhile, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) decreased to normal after reaching a peak (35 mg/L) on the 5th day. D, day.

入院后立即停用患者的免疫抑制剂吗替麦考酚酯,维持小剂量的他克莫司,继续莫西沙星抗感染治疗和甲泼尼龙40 mg每日1次静脉滴注,并适当给予白蛋白10 g每日2次、丙种球蛋白5 g每日2次静脉输注(据白蛋白水平进行调整)及利尿治疗,血肌酐表现出进行性上升的趋势。嘱患者卧床休息,持续鼻导管吸氧,加强营养支持,保证充分热量,积极纠正水电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱,维持内环境稳态。住院期间,甲泼尼龙40 mg每日1次静脉滴注于4天后改为口服泼尼松25 mg每12小时1次并逐渐减量至5 mg每日1次口服维持。此时,患者的肺部病变逐渐吸收好转( 图 4 ),入院后第11天(2月24日)恢复他克莫司(1 mg每12小时1次)的治疗,于入院后第19天(3月3日)将他克莫司剂量改为1.5 mg/晨及1.0 mg/晚,并监测患者的尿量及血肌酐水平。治疗期间患者出现肝酶升高、血压控制不佳,予以保肝治疗及调整降压药物。患者经治疗后,体温、肾功能、肺部病变等各项指标逐渐好转,两次SARS-CoV-2核酸检测均为阴性,于入院后第22天(3月6日)出院。

患者住院期间的胸部CT

Changes in the chest computed tomography images during the hospital stay of the patient

A, the chest computed tomography (CT) with axial planes showed the multiple mixed ground-glass opacities and linear opacities in the bilateral lung lobes; B, the chest CT with axial planes showed the improvement of pneumonia with decreased ground-glass opacities and linear opacities in the subpleural area, and partial consolidation was increased; C, the chest CT with axial planes showed the minimal absorption of both ground-glass opacities and linear opacities in the bilateral lung lobes, the overall was similar to B.

2. 讨论

2019年12月下旬,新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)在中国武汉暴发,其病原体为SARS-CoV-2,主要感染呼吸道,引起新型冠状病毒性肺炎及呼吸衰竭等严重并发症,该病已纳入《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》规定的乙类传染病,按甲类传染病管理。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)在2020年1月31日将COVID-19的流行列为国际公共卫生突发事件。

SARS-CoV-2通过呼吸侵入肺部是该疾病发展的第一步,对于轻度感染,一般人体内的免疫细胞能够阻止病毒的侵袭,但如果患者是免疫力低下或免疫抑制人群,且病毒入侵量很大的时候,免疫细胞就无法控制病毒,而且会产生大量的细胞因子造成损伤,随后病毒入血并在全身肆虐,进一步造成细胞因子风暴,造成多器官损伤。

肾移植术后的患者由于长期使用免疫抑制剂,其免疫应答受到明显的抑制,尤其是T细胞免疫应答,这在减少机体对移植物排斥反应的同时,也会大大降低机体对病毒、细菌等病原体的免疫力,造成机体的感染。肺部感染是肾移植术后可能发生的感染类型之一,故需要关注肾移植术后感染SARS-CoV-2患者的临床特征及其治疗。

本例患者所有的症状(如发热、畏寒、寒战、干咳、肌肉酸痛)、实验室检查(如白细胞总数减少、肝酶升高、D-dimer升高、病毒核酸检测阳性)以及胸部CT检查(下肺多发斑片磨玻璃影)等临床特征均与其他非移植术后的COVID-19成人患者相似 [ 1 ] 。COVID-19需与流感病毒、副流感病毒、SARS冠状病毒等其他已知病毒性肺炎鉴别,还需与支原体肺炎、衣原体肺炎、细菌性肺炎及非感染性疾病等鉴别。在治疗方面,此类患者的特殊性在于抗感染治疗、保护移植肾功能的同时也需考虑调整免疫抑制剂的使用。

治疗肾移植术后的机会性病毒性肺炎时,减少甚至暂停免疫抑制剂的使用是一种常见的策略,使得患者有机会在短时间内重新获得抗感染免疫,这有利于消除病毒 [ 2 - 3 ] 。本例患者入院后,由于淋巴细胞减少,立即停用了免疫抑制剂吗替麦考酚酯和他克莫司口服。有研究报道,短时间内减少免疫抑制治疗不会导致急性排斥反应,可使患者在短时间内恢复抗感染免疫,以尽量减轻患者COVID-19相关症状进展的严重程度 [ 4 ] 。考虑到本例患者的血肌酐水平有进行性上升的趋势,不除外急性排斥反应引起的肾功能衰竭的可能性,并且结合患者COVID-19相关症状的好转,故在患者入院后第11天恢复应用免疫抑制剂他克莫司口服,并监测患者的尿量及血肌酐水平。结合本例患者及文献[ 4 ]的报道,相对较轻的COVID-19病例中,免疫抑制维持剂量可能不会损害抗病毒免疫效果。同时使用适当剂量的糖皮质激素对患者的治疗十分重要,糖皮质激素具有免疫抑制作用,可以保护移植肾不发生急性排斥反应,此外,糖皮质激素的抗炎作用也可以减少肺泡的渗出、减轻炎症因子风暴引起的全身症状(如发热或乏力) [ 5 - 6 ] 。在使用糖皮质激素时,需要注意给药剂量和持续时间,长时间或过量使用糖皮质激素可能导致对抗病毒免疫的抑制,延长病毒清除时间,从而对患者症状的改善及恢复产生不利影响,还可能会导致其他与糖皮质激素相关的副作用 [ 7 ] ,如血糖升高、库欣综合征(Cushing syndrome,CS)。本例患者使用甲泼尼龙40 mg每日1次静脉滴注4天后,改为口服泼尼松25 mg每12小时1次,并逐渐减量至5 mg每日1次口服维持,这可能在患者从肺炎中恢复而没有发生严重不良反应的过程中发挥了重要作用。对于那些发病时是轻症的肾移植术后的患者,可以先减少或者暂停霉酚酸酯类免疫抑制剂药物,考虑到很多患者第7天左右会明显加重,建议第5天时复查肺部CT,若明显加重或出现缺氧而需要吸氧,可考虑将他克莫司减半甚至暂停,若无缺氧症状、CT改变没有明显加重,他克莫司不建议减量。此类患者在治疗期间需慎用有肾毒性的药物,应监测血压控制状况,注意肾性高血压相关并发症的发生,适时调整降压药物的使用。此外,由于此类患者的免疫力降低,易合并其他感染,在治疗中可能需要使用抗生素(如本例使用莫西沙星)进行治疗。

综上所述,我们通过暂停免疫抑制剂吗替麦考酚酯的使用和以低剂量糖皮质激素及他克莫司为基础的治疗方案,使得处于免疫抑制状态患者的COVID-19被成功治愈,这一治疗方案可为其他肾移植术后感染SARS-CoV-2的患者提供借鉴。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(81900641)、北京大学医学部学科建设项目抗击新冠肺炎(COVID-19)重大传染病专项(BMU2020HKYZX011)-中央高校基本科研业务费、国家重点研发计划(2020YFC0844500、2020YFC0844900)

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81900641), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities: the Special Research Fund of PKU for Prevention and Control of COVID-19 (BMU2020HKYZX011), the National R & D Program of China (2020YFC0844500、2020YFC0844900)

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