• 1. School of Nursing, Southern Medical University/Evidence-Based Nursing and Midwifery Practice Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
    2. Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730099, China
    3. Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 摘要: 背景 胎儿臀位和横位如未得到及时、有效处理可能会增加剖宫产率,且增加子宫破裂等严重分娩并发症的风险,危及母胎生命。然而,对于不同干预措施的有效性对比与选择的优先次序,目前尚无统一结论。 目的 采用网状Meta分析方法,评价不同干预措施对孕晚期胎儿臀位/横位孕妇母婴结局的影响。 方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、CINAHL、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知网(CNKI)、维普网(VIP)、万方数据知识服务平台中关于不同干预措施对孕晚期胎儿臀位/横位孕妇母婴结局影响的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时间为建库至2022年3月。由2名研究人员独立完成文献筛选和资料提取,并进行文献质量评价。采用R 4.1.1和Stata 16.0软件进行数据分析和图形绘制,首先进行一致性检验与收敛性评估;通过累积排序概率图下面积(SUCRA)呈现不同措施成为最佳干预措施的可能。 结果 本研究共纳入36篇文献,包含7 419名产妇。涉及的干预措施有:膝胸卧位、艾灸/刺激至阴穴和不同类型宫缩抑制剂/麻醉方式下实施外倒转术(ECV)。网状Meta分析结果显示,常规护理胎儿转为头位成功率低于艾灸/刺激至阴穴〔RR=0.54,95%CI(0.32,0.86),P<0.05〕;无宫缩抑制剂胎儿转为头位成功率低于使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂〔RR=0.60,95%CI(0.38,0.62),P<0.05〕;无宫缩抑制剂、使用钙通道阻滞剂的阴道分娩率低于使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂〔RR=0.60,95%CI(0.39,0.89),P<0.05;RR=0.60,95%CI(0.39,0.95),P<0.05〕;ECV时无麻醉的胎儿转为头位成功率低于使用静脉麻醉〔RR=0.71,95%CI(0.53,0.96),P<0.05〕和椎管内麻醉〔RR=0.65,95%CI(0.49,0.85),P<0.05〕;静脉麻醉、椎管内麻醉与不麻醉相比,可降低ECV后疼痛评分〔WMD=-1.97,95%CI(-2.49,-1.46),P<0.05;WMD=-3.80,95%CI(-5.10,-2.50),P<0.05〕。SUCRA排序结果显示,艾灸/刺激至阴穴、使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂抑制宫缩、在椎管内麻醉下实施ECV是孕晚期纠正胎儿臀位/横位的较优措施。 结论 基于网状Meta分析结果和排序结果,艾灸/刺激至阴穴、使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂抑制宫缩和在椎管内麻醉下实施ECV等措施对改善孕晚期胎儿臀位/横位孕妇母婴结局效果较好,但仍需高质量、大样本的研究进一步验证。

    网状Meta分析

    Abstract:

    Background

    Untimely and ineffectively treated breech or transverse lie position of a fetus may increase the rate of cesarean section, and the risk of uterine rupture and other serious childbirth complications, endangering the lives of mothers and newborns. However, at present, there is no conclusion on the effectiveness and selection priority of different interventions for it during childbirth.

    Objective

    To perform a network meta-analysis of the impact of different interventions for breech or transverse lie position on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

    Methods

    We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, CBM, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the effects of different interventions for breech or transverse lie position on maternal and neonatal outcomes from inception to March 2022. Two researchers independently completed literature screening and data extraction, and quality assessment. R 4.1.1 and Stata 16.0 were used for data analysis and graph drawing. Consistency test and convergence analysis of the studies were performed. SUCRA was used to rank the effectiveness of each intervention and determine the most effective one.

    Results

    A total of 36 RCTs were included, including 7 419 parturients. The interventions involved were: knee-chest position, moxibustion/stimulation of Zhiyin acupoint, and external cephalic version (ECV) under different types of uterine contraction inhibitors/anesthesia. Network meta-analysis showed that compared with moxibustion/stimulation to Zhiyin acupoint, the success rate of moving a breech or transverse lie position to a head position was lower by usual nursing〔 RR =0.54, 95% CI (0.32, 0.86) , P <0.05〕. The success rate of moving a breech or transverse lie position to a head position without uterine contraction inhibitor before ECV was lower than that using β 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists〔 RR =0.60, 95% CI (0.38, 0.62) , P <0.05〕. The vaginal delivery rate with calcium channel blockers but without uterine contraction inhibitors was lower than that using β 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists〔 RR =0.60, 95% CI (0.39, 0.89) , P <0.05; RR =0.60, 95% CI (0.39, 0.95) , P <0.05〕. The success rate of moving a breech or transverse lie position to a head position by ECV without anesthesia was lower than that using intravenous anesthesia〔 RR =0.71, 95% CI (0.53, 0.96) , P <0.05〕 or intraspinal anesthesia〔 RR =0.65, 95% CI (0.49, 0.85) , P <0.05〕. Compared with non-anesthesia, the use of intravenous anesthesia and intraspinal anesthesia during ECV could reduce the post-ECV pain score〔 WMD =-1.97, 95% CI (-2.49, -1.46) , P <0.05; WMD =-3.80, 95% CI (-5.10, -2.50) , P <0.05〕. The three top interventions for terms of effectiveness ranked by SUCRA were: moxibustion/stimulation to Zhiyin acupoint, the use of β 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists to suppress uterine contractions before ECV, and the use of spinal anesthesia during ECV.

    Conclusion

    Based on the results of network meta-analysis and SUCRA ranking, moxibustion/stimulation to Zhiyin acupoint, the use of β 2 -adrenergic receptor agonists to inhibit uterine contractions before ECV, and the implementation of ECV under spinal anesthesia for moving a breech or transverse lie position to a head position during late pregnancy have a good effect on improving the maternal and neonatal outcomes, but this conclusion still needs to be further verified by more high-quality, large-sample studies.

    Key words: Breech presentation, Transverse lie, Labor presentation, Maternal and neonatal outcome, Maternal-child health services, Midwifery, Network meta-analysis 王雪岩,田金徽,张莉,等. 不同干预措施对胎儿臀位/横位孕妇母婴结局影响的网状Meta分析[J]. 中国全科医学, 2023, 26(21): 2647-2658. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0627 . WANG Xueyan,TIAN Jinhui,ZHANG Li, et al. Effects of Different Intervention Measures for Breech Presentation/Transverse Lie Position on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: a Network Meta-analysis[J]. Chinese General Practice, 2023, 26(21): 2647-2658. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0627 . Table 1 Strategy for searching RCTs of the effects of different interventions for breech or transverse lie position on maternal and neonatal outcomes in PubMed database

    步骤 检索式
    #1 breech presentation[MeSH] OR breech presentation[Title/Abstract] OR presentation breech[Title/Abstract] OR breech fetal[Title/Abstract] OR incomplete breech[Title/Abstract] OR complete breech[Title/Abstract] OR frank breech[Title/Abstract] OR transverse lie[Title/Abstract] OR labor presentation[Title/Abstract]
    #2 posture[MeSH] OR posture*[Title/Abstract] OR position[Title/Abstract] OR knee*[Title/Abstract] OR hand*[Title/Abstract] OR sims[Title/Abstract] OR stand*[Title/Abstract] OR squat*[Title/Abstract] OR seat*[Title/Abstract] OR upright[Title/Abstract] OR waist[Title/Abstract] OR knee-chest[Title/Abstract] OR breath*[Title/Abstract] OR delivery ball[Title/Abstract] OR birth ball[Title/Abstract]
    #3 acupuncture[MeSH] OR moxibustion[Title/Abstract] OR acupuncture[Title/Abstract] OR zhiyin[Title/Abstract] OR BL 67[Title/Abstract]
    #4 "version,fetal" [MeSH] OR "version,fetal" [Title/Abstract] OR external cephalic version[Title/Abstract] OR pelvic rotation[Title/Abstract] OR external[Title/Abstract] OR reversal[Title/Abstract]
    #5 #2 OR #3 OR #4
    #6 Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic[MeSH] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[Publication Type] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[Title/Abstract] OR RCT[Title/Abstract]
    #7 #1 AND #5 AND #6

    表1 PubMed检索策略

    Table 1 Strategy for searching RCTs of the effects of different interventions for breech or transverse lie position on maternal and neonatal outcomes in PubMed database

    步骤 检索式
    #1 breech presentation[MeSH] OR breech presentation[Title/Abstract] OR presentation breech[Title/Abstract] OR breech fetal[Title/Abstract] OR incomplete breech[Title/Abstract] OR complete breech[Title/Abstract] OR frank breech[Title/Abstract] OR transverse lie[Title/Abstract] OR labor presentation[Title/Abstract]
    #2 posture[MeSH] OR posture*[Title/Abstract] OR position[Title/Abstract] OR knee*[Title/Abstract] OR hand*[Title/Abstract] OR sims[Title/Abstract] OR stand*[Title/Abstract] OR squat*[Title/Abstract] OR seat*[Title/Abstract] OR upright[Title/Abstract] OR waist[Title/Abstract] OR knee-chest[Title/Abstract] OR breath*[Title/Abstract] OR delivery ball[Title/Abstract] OR birth ball[Title/Abstract]
    #3 acupuncture[MeSH] OR moxibustion[Title/Abstract] OR acupuncture[Title/Abstract] OR zhiyin[Title/Abstract] OR BL 67[Title/Abstract]
    #4 "version,fetal" [MeSH] OR "version,fetal" [Title/Abstract] OR external cephalic version[Title/Abstract] OR pelvic rotation[Title/Abstract] OR external[Title/Abstract] OR reversal[Title/Abstract]
    #5 #2 OR #3 OR #4
    #6 Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic[MeSH] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[Publication Type] OR Randomized Controlled Trial[Title/Abstract] OR RCT[Title/Abstract]
    #7 #1 AND #5 AND #6
    第一作者 发表时间(年) 国家 样本量(T/C) 年龄(T/C) (岁) 孕周(T/C) (周) 孕产次(T/C) 干预措施 结局指标
    彭朝梨 [ 8 ] 2021 中国 192/192 31.5±2.2/31.3±2.2 38.7±0.8/38.4±0.8 初产妇:121/124;经产妇:71/68 T:硫酸特布他林抑制宫缩,硬膜外麻醉下实施ECV;C:膝胸卧位,2次/d,10~15 min/次,干预时长为1周 ①②
    唐小媚 [ 9 ] 2020 中国 30/30 29.3±2.3/29.3±2.3 39.0±0.2/39.0±0.2 初产妇:20/22;经产妇:10/8 T:硫酸特布他林抑制宫缩,硬膜外麻醉下实施ECV;C:膝胸卧位,2次/d,10~15 min/次,干预时长为1周 ①②
    林岸芸 [ 10 ] 2020 中国 80/80 29.0±3.5/30.0±3.7 30.0~32.0 未提及 T:分娩球运动,3~4次/周;C:膝胸卧位,2次/d,15 min/次 ①②
    廖琪 [ 11 ] 2018 中国 100/100 26.6±4.3/26.3±4.5 31.7±1.6/31.4±1.5 未提及 T:艾条悬灸至阴穴30 min,灸毕行膝胸卧位15 min,2次/d;C:行膝胸卧位15 min,2次/d,为期2周 ①②
    HAMIDZADEH [ 12 ] 2022 伊朗 69/69 24.9±2.4/24.7±2.7 33.1±1.1/32.9±1.10 初产妇:44/40;经产妇:25/29 T:按压至阴穴,10 min/次,为期2周;C:接受常规护理 ①②③
    DOCHEZ [ 13 ] 2020 法国 74/76 32.9±5.6/31.0±4.6 >36.0 初产妇:40/42;经产妇:34/34 T:吸入一氧化二氮之后实施ECV;C:吸入医用空气之后实施ECV ①②③④
    SOURANI [ 14 ] 2020 伊朗 32/32 28.1±4.5/30.7±7.0 39.0±1.9/38.4±1.3 初产妇:16/17;经产妇:16/15 T:塑料夹对至阴穴进行刺激,20 min/次,2次/d,为期2周;C:不进行穴位刺激 ①②
    ZOBBI [ 15 ] 2017 意大利 82/82 31.2±5.1/31.6±4.9 >37.0 初产妇:61/21;经产妇:61/21 T:在实施ECV前2 h喝2 000 mL水;C:在实施ECV前2 h喝水不超过100 mL
    WANG [ 16 ] 2017 中国 72/72 33.2±4.6/32.9±5.1 37.0~41.0 初产妇:41/37;经产妇:31/35 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:静脉使用安慰剂后实施ECV ①②④
    VELZEL [ 17 ] 2017 荷兰 416/414 32.1±4.0/32.4±4.3 35.8±0.9/35.9±1.0 初产妇:256/255;经产妇:154/153 T:阿托西班抑制宫缩后实施ECV;C:非诺特罗抑制宫缩后实施ECV ①②③
    SANANES [ 18 ] 2016 法国 130/129 30.5±4.6/30.4±4.6 33.7±0.8/33.6±0.8 初产妇:71/80;经产妇:59/49 T:针灸至阴穴,并用打火机加热针尖,30 min/次,治疗3次;C:针灸厉兑穴,并用打火机加热针尖,30 min/次,治疗3次 ①②③
    LIU [ 19 ] 2016 中国 76/76 34.1±4.2/33.8±3.9 37.0~41.0 初产妇:45/42;经产妇:31/34 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:静脉使用安慰剂(0.9%氯化钠溶液)后实施ECV ①②④
    BURGOS [ 20 ] 2016 西班牙 60/60 34.8±4.0/35.1±5.0 37.0~41.0 初产妇:40/42;经产妇:20/18 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:吸入使用一氧化二氮后实施ECV ①②
    VALLIKKANNU [ 21 ] 2014 马来西亚 48/47 31.1±4.5/29.5±4.0 37.5(37.4~37.9)/37.8(37.4~38.2) 初产妇:19/27;经产妇:29/20 T:在孕妇腹部使用滑石粉后实施ECV;C:在孕妇腹部使用凝胶后实施ECV ①②③④
    COULON [ 22 ] 2014 法国 164/164 30.2±4.8/30.7±4.4 34.5±0.6/34.5±0.6 初产妇:95/92;经产妇:69/72 T:艾灸与针灸至阴穴,20 min/次;C:灭活激光照射至阴穴,20 min/次,共6次,在48 h内完成 ①②③
    MUÑOZ [ 23 ] 2014 西班牙 31/29 32.9±4.9/32.5±5.7 36.0~41.0 初产妇:18/16;经产妇:13/12 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:静脉使用安慰剂(0.9%氯化钠溶液)后实施ECV ①②④
    VAS [ 24 ] 2013 西班牙 136/136/134 31.5(22.6~39.0)/32.0(24.4~38.0)/31.0(24.0~38.3) 34.0(33.0~35.0) 初产妇:73/77/81;经产妇:63/59/53 T1:艾灸至阴穴加常规护理,20 min/次,1次/d,为期2周;T2:艾灸隐白穴加常规护理,20 min/次,1次/d,为期2周;C:接受常规护理 ①②③
    HUTTON [ 25 ] 2011 多国 767/774 30.0(18.9~39.2)/30.0(19.8~39.2) 34.7(33.1~35.7)/34.9(33.3~35.7) 初产妇:409/411;经产妇:358/363 T:未足月(34~36周)实施ECV;C:足月(37~38周)实施ECV ①②③
    DO [ 26 ] 2011 澳大利亚 10/10 30.4±3.1/24.6±5.2 34.8±0.7/35.6±0.7 初产妇:7/9;经产妇:3/1 T:艾灸至阴穴,20 min/次,2次/d,为期10 d;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    WEINIGER [ 27 ] 2010 以色列 31/33 28.5(21.0~40.0)/28.6(20.0~36.0) 38.1±0.9/38.2±1.1 初产妇:13/21;经产妇:18/12 T:布比卡因椎管内麻醉(腰麻)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②④
    VANI [ 28 ] 2009 马来西亚 57/57 28.2±4.8/28.7±4.3 38.0±0.6/38.0±0.7 初产妇:31/27;经产妇:26/30 T:静脉推注宫缩抑制剂沙丁胺醇后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②
    HILTON [ 29 ] 2009 加拿大 65/61 初产妇:30.0±5.0/29.0±4.0;经产妇:31.0±5.0/32.0±5.0 初产妇:37.0±0.7/37.7±0.7;经产妇:37.7±0.7/37.6±0.4 初产妇:42/40;经产妇:23/21 T:接受静脉推注宫缩抑制剂硝酸甘油后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②③
    GUITTIER [ 30 ] 2009 瑞士 106/106 32.0±4.3/32.0±4.2 35.0±0.8/34.8±0.7 初产妇:75/64;经产妇:31/42 T:艾灸至阴穴,20 min/次,3次/周,为期2周;C:只接受常规护理 ①②③
    COLLARIS [ 31 ] 2009 马来西亚 44/46 30.0±5.0/30.0±5.0 38.0±1.0/38.0±1.0 初产妇:23/25;经产妇:21/21 T:口服宫缩抑制剂硝苯地平后实施ECV;C:皮下注射特布他林宫缩抑制剂后实施ECV ①②③
    MOHAMED ISMAIL [ 32 ] 2008 马来西亚 43/43 28.5±4.1/29.9±5.2 37.8±0.8/37.5±0.4 初产妇:18/21;经产妇:25/22 T:口服宫缩抑制剂硝苯地平后实施ECV;C:静脉注射特布他林宫缩抑制剂后实施ECV ①②
    KOK [ 33 ] 2008 荷兰 154/156 33.6±4.2/34.1±4.5 37.0±0.8/37.0±0.9 初产妇:78/83;经产妇:76/73 T:口服宫缩抑制剂硝苯地平后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②③
    FOUNDS [ 34 ] 2006 美国 14/11 未提及 34.0~38.0 初产妇:9/4;经产妇:5/7 T:膝胸卧位,15 min/次,3次/d,干预时长为1周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    NOR AZLIN [ 35 ] 2005 马来西亚 30/30 29.1±4.5/27.5±4.3 >37.0 初产妇:22/23;经产妇:8/7 T:静脉滴注宫缩抑制剂盐酸利托君后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②③
    EL-SAYED [ 36 ] 2004 美国 30/29 31.1±5.6/31.7±4.8 38.4±0.7/38.4±0.8 初产妇:17/18;经产妇:13/11 T:静脉注射宫缩抑制剂硝酸甘油后实施ECV;C:皮下注射特布他林宫缩抑制剂后实施ECV ①②
    MANCUSO [ 37 ] 2000 美国 54/54 28.5±4.8/28.2±4.8 38.1±1.2/37.9±1.0 初产妇:30/29;经产妇:24/25 T:利多卡因和芬太尼椎管内麻醉(硬膜外麻醉)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②③
    SMITH [ 38 ] 1999 澳大利亚 51/49 29.1±4.0/29.2±5.0 36.5±0.6/37.0±0.5 初产妇:27/30;经产妇:24/19 T:指导其采取膝胸卧位,15 min/次,3次/d,干预时长为1周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    DUGOFF [ 39 ] 1999 美国 50/52 24.3±0.9/26.8±0.9 38.0±0.2/38.0±0.2 未提及 T:舒芬太尼和布比卡因椎管内麻醉(腰麻)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②③
    CARDINI [ 40 ] 1998 中国 130/130 25.5±2.5/25.2±3.0 33.0 未提及 T:艾灸至阴穴,30 min/次,1~2次/d,为期1~2周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    SCHORR [ 41 ] 1997 美国 35/34 27.7±6.1/25.8±6.6 38.0±2.3/37.4±2.1 初产妇:14/16;经产妇:21/18 T:利多卡因和肾上腺素椎管内麻醉(硬膜外麻醉)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②
    MARQUETTE [ 42 ] 1996 加拿大 138/145 28.5±0.4/29.3±0.4 37.4±0.1/37.3±0.1 初产妇:58/49;经产妇:80/96 T:静脉注射宫缩抑制剂利托君后实施ECV;C:静脉注射安慰剂后实施ECV
    CHENIA [ 43 ] 1987 津巴布韦 39/37 25.4±6.0/26.8±6.2 38.2±1.6/38.6±1.9 初产妇:11/4;经产妇:28/33 T:膝胸卧位,15 min/次,3次/d,干预时长为1周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③

    表2 纳入文献的基本特征

    Table 2 Basic characteristics of included literature

    第一作者 发表时间(年) 国家 样本量(T/C) 年龄(T/C) (岁) 孕周(T/C) (周) 孕产次(T/C) 干预措施 结局指标
    彭朝梨 [ 8 ] 2021 中国 192/192 31.5±2.2/31.3±2.2 38.7±0.8/38.4±0.8 初产妇:121/124;经产妇:71/68 T:硫酸特布他林抑制宫缩,硬膜外麻醉下实施ECV;C:膝胸卧位,2次/d,10~15 min/次,干预时长为1周 ①②
    唐小媚 [ 9 ] 2020 中国 30/30 29.3±2.3/29.3±2.3 39.0±0.2/39.0±0.2 初产妇:20/22;经产妇:10/8 T:硫酸特布他林抑制宫缩,硬膜外麻醉下实施ECV;C:膝胸卧位,2次/d,10~15 min/次,干预时长为1周 ①②
    林岸芸 [ 10 ] 2020 中国 80/80 29.0±3.5/30.0±3.7 30.0~32.0 未提及 T:分娩球运动,3~4次/周;C:膝胸卧位,2次/d,15 min/次 ①②
    廖琪 [ 11 ] 2018 中国 100/100 26.6±4.3/26.3±4.5 31.7±1.6/31.4±1.5 未提及 T:艾条悬灸至阴穴30 min,灸毕行膝胸卧位15 min,2次/d;C:行膝胸卧位15 min,2次/d,为期2周 ①②
    HAMIDZADEH [ 12 ] 2022 伊朗 69/69 24.9±2.4/24.7±2.7 33.1±1.1/32.9±1.10 初产妇:44/40;经产妇:25/29 T:按压至阴穴,10 min/次,为期2周;C:接受常规护理 ①②③
    DOCHEZ [ 13 ] 2020 法国 74/76 32.9±5.6/31.0±4.6 >36.0 初产妇:40/42;经产妇:34/34 T:吸入一氧化二氮之后实施ECV;C:吸入医用空气之后实施ECV ①②③④
    SOURANI [ 14 ] 2020 伊朗 32/32 28.1±4.5/30.7±7.0 39.0±1.9/38.4±1.3 初产妇:16/17;经产妇:16/15 T:塑料夹对至阴穴进行刺激,20 min/次,2次/d,为期2周;C:不进行穴位刺激 ①②
    ZOBBI [ 15 ] 2017 意大利 82/82 31.2±5.1/31.6±4.9 >37.0 初产妇:61/21;经产妇:61/21 T:在实施ECV前2 h喝2 000 mL水;C:在实施ECV前2 h喝水不超过100 mL
    WANG [ 16 ] 2017 中国 72/72 33.2±4.6/32.9±5.1 37.0~41.0 初产妇:41/37;经产妇:31/35 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:静脉使用安慰剂后实施ECV ①②④
    VELZEL [ 17 ] 2017 荷兰 416/414 32.1±4.0/32.4±4.3 35.8±0.9/35.9±1.0 初产妇:256/255;经产妇:154/153 T:阿托西班抑制宫缩后实施ECV;C:非诺特罗抑制宫缩后实施ECV ①②③
    SANANES [ 18 ] 2016 法国 130/129 30.5±4.6/30.4±4.6 33.7±0.8/33.6±0.8 初产妇:71/80;经产妇:59/49 T:针灸至阴穴,并用打火机加热针尖,30 min/次,治疗3次;C:针灸厉兑穴,并用打火机加热针尖,30 min/次,治疗3次 ①②③
    LIU [ 19 ] 2016 中国 76/76 34.1±4.2/33.8±3.9 37.0~41.0 初产妇:45/42;经产妇:31/34 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:静脉使用安慰剂(0.9%氯化钠溶液)后实施ECV ①②④
    BURGOS [ 20 ] 2016 西班牙 60/60 34.8±4.0/35.1±5.0 37.0~41.0 初产妇:40/42;经产妇:20/18 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:吸入使用一氧化二氮后实施ECV ①②
    VALLIKKANNU [ 21 ] 2014 马来西亚 48/47 31.1±4.5/29.5±4.0 37.5(37.4~37.9)/37.8(37.4~38.2) 初产妇:19/27;经产妇:29/20 T:在孕妇腹部使用滑石粉后实施ECV;C:在孕妇腹部使用凝胶后实施ECV ①②③④
    COULON [ 22 ] 2014 法国 164/164 30.2±4.8/30.7±4.4 34.5±0.6/34.5±0.6 初产妇:95/92;经产妇:69/72 T:艾灸与针灸至阴穴,20 min/次;C:灭活激光照射至阴穴,20 min/次,共6次,在48 h内完成 ①②③
    MUÑOZ [ 23 ] 2014 西班牙 31/29 32.9±4.9/32.5±5.7 36.0~41.0 初产妇:18/16;经产妇:13/12 T:瑞芬太尼静脉镇痛后实施ECV;C:静脉使用安慰剂(0.9%氯化钠溶液)后实施ECV ①②④
    VAS [ 24 ] 2013 西班牙 136/136/134 31.5(22.6~39.0)/32.0(24.4~38.0)/31.0(24.0~38.3) 34.0(33.0~35.0) 初产妇:73/77/81;经产妇:63/59/53 T1:艾灸至阴穴加常规护理,20 min/次,1次/d,为期2周;T2:艾灸隐白穴加常规护理,20 min/次,1次/d,为期2周;C:接受常规护理 ①②③
    HUTTON [ 25 ] 2011 多国 767/774 30.0(18.9~39.2)/30.0(19.8~39.2) 34.7(33.1~35.7)/34.9(33.3~35.7) 初产妇:409/411;经产妇:358/363 T:未足月(34~36周)实施ECV;C:足月(37~38周)实施ECV ①②③
    DO [ 26 ] 2011 澳大利亚 10/10 30.4±3.1/24.6±5.2 34.8±0.7/35.6±0.7 初产妇:7/9;经产妇:3/1 T:艾灸至阴穴,20 min/次,2次/d,为期10 d;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    WEINIGER [ 27 ] 2010 以色列 31/33 28.5(21.0~40.0)/28.6(20.0~36.0) 38.1±0.9/38.2±1.1 初产妇:13/21;经产妇:18/12 T:布比卡因椎管内麻醉(腰麻)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②④
    VANI [ 28 ] 2009 马来西亚 57/57 28.2±4.8/28.7±4.3 38.0±0.6/38.0±0.7 初产妇:31/27;经产妇:26/30 T:静脉推注宫缩抑制剂沙丁胺醇后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②
    HILTON [ 29 ] 2009 加拿大 65/61 初产妇:30.0±5.0/29.0±4.0;经产妇:31.0±5.0/32.0±5.0 初产妇:37.0±0.7/37.7±0.7;经产妇:37.7±0.7/37.6±0.4 初产妇:42/40;经产妇:23/21 T:接受静脉推注宫缩抑制剂硝酸甘油后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②③
    GUITTIER [ 30 ] 2009 瑞士 106/106 32.0±4.3/32.0±4.2 35.0±0.8/34.8±0.7 初产妇:75/64;经产妇:31/42 T:艾灸至阴穴,20 min/次,3次/周,为期2周;C:只接受常规护理 ①②③
    COLLARIS [ 31 ] 2009 马来西亚 44/46 30.0±5.0/30.0±5.0 38.0±1.0/38.0±1.0 初产妇:23/25;经产妇:21/21 T:口服宫缩抑制剂硝苯地平后实施ECV;C:皮下注射特布他林宫缩抑制剂后实施ECV ①②③
    MOHAMED ISMAIL [ 32 ] 2008 马来西亚 43/43 28.5±4.1/29.9±5.2 37.8±0.8/37.5±0.4 初产妇:18/21;经产妇:25/22 T:口服宫缩抑制剂硝苯地平后实施ECV;C:静脉注射特布他林宫缩抑制剂后实施ECV ①②
    KOK [ 33 ] 2008 荷兰 154/156 33.6±4.2/34.1±4.5 37.0±0.8/37.0±0.9 初产妇:78/83;经产妇:76/73 T:口服宫缩抑制剂硝苯地平后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②③
    FOUNDS [ 34 ] 2006 美国 14/11 未提及 34.0~38.0 初产妇:9/4;经产妇:5/7 T:膝胸卧位,15 min/次,3次/d,干预时长为1周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    NOR AZLIN [ 35 ] 2005 马来西亚 30/30 29.1±4.5/27.5±4.3 >37.0 初产妇:22/23;经产妇:8/7 T:静脉滴注宫缩抑制剂盐酸利托君后实施ECV;C:实施ECV前不使用宫缩抑制剂 ①②③
    EL-SAYED [ 36 ] 2004 美国 30/29 31.1±5.6/31.7±4.8 38.4±0.7/38.4±0.8 初产妇:17/18;经产妇:13/11 T:静脉注射宫缩抑制剂硝酸甘油后实施ECV;C:皮下注射特布他林宫缩抑制剂后实施ECV ①②
    MANCUSO [ 37 ] 2000 美国 54/54 28.5±4.8/28.2±4.8 38.1±1.2/37.9±1.0 初产妇:30/29;经产妇:24/25 T:利多卡因和芬太尼椎管内麻醉(硬膜外麻醉)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②③
    SMITH [ 38 ] 1999 澳大利亚 51/49 29.1±4.0/29.2±5.0 36.5±0.6/37.0±0.5 初产妇:27/30;经产妇:24/19 T:指导其采取膝胸卧位,15 min/次,3次/d,干预时长为1周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    DUGOFF [ 39 ] 1999 美国 50/52 24.3±0.9/26.8±0.9 38.0±0.2/38.0±0.2 未提及 T:舒芬太尼和布比卡因椎管内麻醉(腰麻)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②③
    CARDINI [ 40 ] 1998 中国 130/130 25.5±2.5/25.2±3.0 33.0 未提及 T:艾灸至阴穴,30 min/次,1~2次/d,为期1~2周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    SCHORR [ 41 ] 1997 美国 35/34 27.7±6.1/25.8±6.6 38.0±2.3/37.4±2.1 初产妇:14/16;经产妇:21/18 T:利多卡因和肾上腺素椎管内麻醉(硬膜外麻醉)后实施ECV;C:无镇痛实施ECV ①②
    MARQUETTE [ 42 ] 1996 加拿大 138/145 28.5±0.4/29.3±0.4 37.4±0.1/37.3±0.1 初产妇:58/49;经产妇:80/96 T:静脉注射宫缩抑制剂利托君后实施ECV;C:静脉注射安慰剂后实施ECV
    CHENIA [ 43 ] 1987 津巴布韦 39/37 25.4±6.0/26.8±6.2 38.2±1.6/38.6±1.9 初产妇:11/4;经产妇:28/33 T:膝胸卧位,15 min/次,3次/d,干预时长为1周;C:常规护理干预 ①②③
    图3 实施ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂的网状Meta分析经干预胎儿转为头位证据图注:A=不使用宫缩抑制剂;B=使用钙通道阻滞剂,如硝苯地平;C=使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂,如沙丁胺醇、利托君、特布他林、非诺特罗;D=使用缩宫素受体拮抗剂,如阿托西班;E=使用一氧化氮供体,如硝酸甘油。 Figure 3 Evidence of using different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position from RCTs analyzed by network meta-analysis

    图3 实施ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂的网状Meta分析经干预胎儿转为头位证据图注:A=不使用宫缩抑制剂;B=使用钙通道阻滞剂,如硝苯地平;C=使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂,如沙丁胺醇、利托君、特布他林、非诺特罗;D=使用缩宫素受体拮抗剂,如阿托西班;E=使用一氧化氮供体,如硝酸甘油。

    Figure 3 Evidence of using different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position from RCTs analyzed by network meta-analysis

    表3 不同干预措施胎儿转为头位成功率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 3 Network meta-analysis comparing the success rate of using different interventions to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position

    干预措施 常规护理 艾灸/刺激至阴穴 膝胸卧位 艾灸至阴穴+膝胸卧位
    艾灸/刺激至阴穴 0.54(0.32,0.86)
    膝胸卧位 1.26(0.52,3.52) 2.32(0.87,7.54)
    艾灸至阴穴+膝胸卧位 0.79(0.18,4.21) 1.46(0.32,8.62) 0.64(0.18,2.20)
    分娩球运动 0.82(0.19,4.33) 1.50(0.33,8.86) 0.65(0.19,2.27) 1.03 (0.17,5.96)

    表4 不同干预措施阴道分娩率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 4 Network meta-analysis comparing the vaginal delivery rate with different interventions

    干预措施 常规护理 艾灸/刺激至阴穴 膝胸卧位 艾灸至阴穴+膝胸卧位
    艾灸/刺激至阴穴 0.67(0.36,1.12)
    膝胸卧位 1.15(0.47,3.00) 1.73(0.63,5.60)
    艾灸至阴穴+膝胸卧位 1.15(0.21,6.80) 1.72(0.30,11.86) 1.00(0.23,4.37)
    分娩球运动 0.75(0.13,4.47) 1.13 (0.19,7.76) 0.65(0.15,2.91) 0.66(0.08,5.36)

    表5 不同干预措施头位分娩率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 5 Network meta-analysis comparing the cephalic delivery rate with different interventions

    干预措施 常规护理 艾灸/刺激至阴穴
    艾灸/刺激至阴穴 0.69(0.39,1.13)
    膝胸卧位 1.26(0.54,3.06) 1.83(0.70,5.31)

    表6 使用不同干预措施纠正臀位/横位效果的网状Meta分析排序概率图表

    Table 6 Successful probability of using different interventions to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position and to deliver vaginally or cephalically in network meta-analysis ranked by SUCRA

    干预措施 经干预胎儿转为头位 阴道分娩 头位分娩
    SUCRA 秩次 SUCRA 秩次 SUCRA 秩次
    常规护理 0.365 4 0.404 3 0.391 2
    艾灸/刺激至阴穴 0.843 1 0.783 1 0.922 1
    膝胸卧位 0.186 5 0.311 5 0.188 3
    艾灸至阴穴+膝胸卧位 0.562 2 0.374 4
    分娩球运动 0.544 3 0.628 2

    表7 ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂胎儿转为头位成功率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 7 Network meta-analysis comparing the success rate of moving a breech or transverse lie position to a head position by use of different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV

    干预措施 无宫缩抑制剂 钙通道阻滞剂 β 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂 缩宫素受体拮抗剂
    钙通道阻滞剂 0.89(0.53,1.41)
    β 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂 0.60(0.38,0.82) 0.67(0.41,1.03)
    缩宫素受体拮抗剂 0.72(0.31,1.44) 0.80(0.34,1.75) 1.19(0.61,2.35)
    一氧化氮供体 0.92(0.47,1.76) 1.03(0.49,2.26) 1.55(0.83,3.13) 1.29(0.53,3.47)

    表8 ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂阴道分娩率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 8 Network meta-analysis comparing the vaginal delivery rate with different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV

    干预措施 无宫缩抑制剂 钙通道阻滞剂 β 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂 缩宫素受体拮抗剂
    钙通道阻滞剂 1.00(0.60,1.51)
    β 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂 0.60(0.39,0.89) 0.60(0.39,0.95)
    缩宫素受体拮抗剂 0.67(0.32,1.33) 0.67(0.33,1.42) 1.12(0.62,2.01)
    一氧化氮供体 0.64(0.34,1.18) 0.64(0.32,1.34) 1.07(0.57,2.03) 0.95(0.41,2.26)

    表9 ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂头位分娩率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 9 Network meta-analysis comparing the cephalic delivery rate with different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV

    干预措施 无宫缩抑制剂 钙通道阻滞剂 β 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂 缩宫素受体拮抗剂
    钙通道阻滞剂 0.87(0.44,1.66)
    β 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂 0.52(0.24,1.07) 0.60(0.29,1.19)
    缩宫素受体拮抗剂 0.61(0.21,1.70) 0.70(0.25,1.91) 1.16(0.55,2.45)
    一氧化氮供体 0.62(0.25,1.49) 0.71(0.24,2.13) 1.18(0.38,3.82) 1.02(0.26,4.09)

    表10 ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂纠正臀位/横位效果的网状Meta分析排序概率图表

    Table 10 Successful probability of using different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position and to deliver vaginally in network meta-analysis ranked by SUCRA

    宫缩抑制剂 经干预胎儿转为头位 阴道分娩 头位分娩
    SUCRA 秩次 SUCRA 秩次 SUCRA 秩次
    无宫缩抑制剂 0.196 5 0.166 5 0.138 5
    钙通道阻滞剂 0.379 3 0.182 4 0.298 4
    β 2 肾上腺素受体激动剂 0.917 1 0.823 1 0.821 1
    缩宫素受体拮抗剂 0.658 2 0.631 3 0.616 3
    一氧化氮供体 0.350 4 0.698 2 0.627 2

    表11 ECV中不同麻醉方式胎儿转为头位成功率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 11 Network meta-analysis comparing the success rate of moving a breech or transverse lie position to a head position by ECV under different anesthesia modes

    干预措施 无麻醉 静脉麻醉 椎管内麻醉
    静脉麻醉 0.71(0.53,0.96)
    椎管内麻醉 0.65(0.49,0.85) 0.91(0.60,1.36)
    吸入麻醉 0.74(0.47,1.18) 1.04(0.68,1.60) 1.15(0.68,1.98)

    表12 ECV中不同麻醉方式阴道分娩率比较的网状Meta分析结果〔RR(95%CI)〕

    Table 12 Vaginal delivery rates intervened by ECV under different anesthesia modes

    干预措施 无麻醉 静脉麻醉 椎管内麻醉
    静脉麻醉 0.93(0.50,1.73)
    椎管内麻醉 0.77(0.41,1.35) 0.82(0.34,1.90)
    吸入麻醉 0.87(0.36,2.07) 0.93(0.39,2.23) 1.13(0.40,3.36)

    表13 采用不同麻醉方式实施ECV纠正臀位/横位效果的网状Meta分析排序概率图表

    Table 13 Successful probability of different anesthesia modes used to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position and to deliver vaginally in network meta-analysis ranked by SUCRA

    麻醉方式 经干预胎儿转为头位 阴道分娩
    SUCRA 秩次 SUCRA 秩次
    无麻醉 0.036 4 0.297 4
    静脉麻醉 0.623 2 0.438 3
    椎管内麻醉 0.801 1 0.724 1
    吸入麻醉 0.540 3 0.541 2
    图7 ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂的网状Meta分析经干预胎儿转为头位漏斗图注:A=不使用宫缩抑制剂,B=使用钙通道阻滞剂,C=使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂,D=使用缩宫素受体拮抗剂,E=使用一氧化氮供体。 Figure 7 Funnel plot assessing the effects of using different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position from RCTs in network meta-analysis

    图7 ECV前使用不同宫缩抑制剂的网状Meta分析经干预胎儿转为头位漏斗图注:A=不使用宫缩抑制剂,B=使用钙通道阻滞剂,C=使用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂,D=使用缩宫素受体拮抗剂,E=使用一氧化氮供体。

    Figure 7 Funnel plot assessing the effects of using different uterine contraction inhibitors before ECV to move a breech or transverse lie position to a head position from RCTs in network meta-analysis

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