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. 2021 Jun 5;35(6):563–566. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2021.06.018
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    听觉过敏研究进展

    Hyperacusis: a mini review

    1 南京医科大学第二附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(南京,210011)
    Find articles by 张 大为 1 , XU Qin
    Find articles by XU Qin 2 , BAGULEY DM 4 英国国家卫生研究院诺丁汉大学生物医学研究中心
    5 英国诺丁汉大学医院英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)信托诺丁汉听力服务部
    Find articles by BAGULEY DM 3, 4, 5, *
  • PMCID: PMC10128599  PMID: 34304521

    一般来说,耳科学及听力学主要关注的是患者的听力下降或者听觉分辨率的减退而导致的听觉损失。然而,有一类人即使听阈在年龄组的正常范围内,但是在接受到高于听阈声音时仍感觉到声音过于强烈或者耳部不适,这种现象称为听觉过敏,它对人们的日常活动和生活质量产生非常不利的影响。本文从耳科和听力学的角度对听觉过敏进行综述。

    1. 定义

    听觉过敏是对日常环境声音的过度或强烈的感知 [ 1 ] 。使用的其他术语包括声音容忍度下降或崩溃 [ 2 ] 。国内文献以声敏感与听觉耐受下降等术语命名 [ 3 ] 。Aazh等 [ 4 ] 提出听觉过敏是指对日常声音的不适,从而导致患者社交、职业、娱乐和其他日常活动受到严重困扰和损害,可能会引起感觉不适、畏声、不愉快、恐惧或痛苦。听觉过敏分成四种不同的形式 [ 5 ] :①响度型听觉过敏(loudness hyperacusis):对正常人来讲是中等强度的声音也觉得非常大声,对声音容忍度降低。②烦恼型听觉过敏(annoyance hyperacusis):对声音的负面情绪反应,这种反应可持续存在,表现为紧张和焦虑。③恐惧性听觉过敏(fear hyperacusis):是对声音的厌恶反应,就某一种特定的声音或一类声音产生回避行为,或者回避声音来源的地方。④疼痛型听觉过敏(pain hyperacusis):与正常人声音痛觉阈值(通常约为120 dB SPL)相比,某些患有听觉过敏的人疼痛阈值要低得多,表现为耳部或头部的严重刺痛,但机制尚不清楚。有研究提出耳蜗神经中的Ⅱ型非髓鞘纤维具有痛觉,可能与该类型的听觉过敏有关 [ 6 ]

    听觉过敏与恐声症(phonophobia)不同,恐声症是指在偏头痛发作期间出现声音的不适感,有时与其他感官敏感性(最常见的是恐光症)有关,并且随着发作的减弱而减轻(Baguley,2011);而厌音症是其对某种特定的人类产生的声音如进食声音或呼吸的厌恶反应,其特征表现为愤怒,有时甚至会暴怒 [ 7 - 8 ]

    2. 流行病学

    听觉过敏是一种主观症状,对一般人群患病率进行统计时易受到询问症状用词的影响。在不多的有关听觉过敏流行病学的文献中,每个有关患病率研究中标志性问题的措辞差异大相径庭,因此跨研究的比较毫无意义 [ 9 ] 。在一项针对英国7096名11岁儿童的研究中,有3.7%的人对“您对特定的声音感到过分敏感或困扰吗?”的问题做出肯定的回答 [ 10 ] 。有关儿童和青少年的患病率综述性研究报告了患病率为3.2%~17.1% [ 11 - 13 ] 。最近一项有关丹麦儿童的研究报告了14.6%儿童有听觉过敏 [ 14 ] 。在关于成年人的研究中,Andersson等 [ 15 ] 发现,用“您认为自己对日常声音敏感吗?”作为提问,1174名成年人中8.6%有听觉过敏。另一项针对瑞典的成年人研究发现9.2%的人有听觉过敏,其中1.9%被医生诊断为听觉过敏 [ 16 ] 。见 表 1

    听力过敏患病率

    标志性问题 患病率/% Hall等 [ 10 ] 你有经历过对特别声音的过度敏感或感到苦恼吗? Widén等 [ 11 ] 你认为自己对噪声感觉过度敏感吗? Landälv等 [ 12 ] 你自己有对声音感觉过度敏感的经历吗? Coelho等 [ 13 ] 你有没有受任何噪声的困扰? Nemholt等 [ 14 ] 对你来说日常的声音是否太响了? Andersson等 [ 15 ] 你认为自己对日常的声音感觉敏感吗? Paulin等 [ 16 ] 你是否难以忍受你认为大多数人可以忍受的日常声音? 9.2(自我报告)

    3. 病因

    尽管大多数病例尚无明确的病因,但有些疾病与听觉过敏的关系是明确的,包括闭合性颅脑损伤、抑郁症、创伤后应激障碍综合征、威廉姆斯综合征和诸如纤维肌痛之类的疼痛综合征 [ 1 ] 。听觉过敏在患有自闭症的儿童中更为常见,自闭症的患儿大多存在神经发育障碍,经常有感觉超敏反应 [ 17 ] 。听觉过敏与耳鸣之间存在关联,有听觉过敏的成年患者中86%经历过耳鸣 [ 18 ] ,而只有40%的耳鸣患者报告经历过听觉过敏 [ 19 ] 。虽然它们通常同时发生,但两者的临床特征有明显的区别:耳鸣发病常常是单侧,或以单侧为著,体觉性耳鸣很常见,耳鸣经常断断续续,感知可以是无形式的或原始的,自我治疗可能非常有效;而听觉过敏几乎完全是双侧发病,体觉性少见,很少断断续续,感知生动而突出,自我治疗的效果未知或非常有限 [ 20 ]

    4. 发病机制

    现阶段引起听觉过敏的机制还不明确,也没有令人信服的动物模型。听神经学文献中有一种共识认为听觉过敏可能与中枢听觉增益的持续和持久增加有关 [ 21 ] 。一个可能的机制认为较高声级响应的神经元开始以较低声级响应,从而导致响度增加。另一个机制认为听觉过敏与耳鸣相似,可能是由于神经同步性增强和听觉皮层中的音调图谱的重组而引起的 [ 22 ] 。其生物学机制尚不完全清晰,但是越来越多的证据表明,它可能是由于沿听觉途径的多个水平上的γ-氨基丁酸介导的抑制作用丧失所致 [ 23 - 25 ] 。但上述的这种神经可塑性理论仍然有争议 [ 26 ]

    5. 听觉过敏评估

    对于听觉过敏患者量化与诊断评估,主要分为听力测量和问卷测试。听觉过敏的听力测量包括:纯音测听,响度不适水平(loudness discomfort levels)或不适感响度(uncomfortable loudness level),最大舒适度(maximum comfort levels)和动态范围(dynamic range) [ 2 ] 。响度不适水平较为常用,它基于声音的耐受性测试,但是测试者和被测试者之间的互动以及测量重复性差异大,导致该检测有其局限性 [ 20 ] 。同时使用纯音刺激而不是听觉过敏症患者实际生活中所涉及的环境声音,也限制了该检测概括现实生活中真实的困扰 [ 20 ]

    问卷调查用来确定和衡量听觉过敏对个体生活的影响,包括听觉过敏调查表(hyperacusis questionnaire) [ 27 ] ,听觉过敏测试(12个项目) [ 28 ] ,德语版改编过的听觉过敏调查表(GVF) [ 29 ] ,听觉过敏症状表(the inventory of hyperacusis symptoms) [ 30 ] 以及听觉过敏多项活动量表(multiple-activity scale for hyperacusis) [ 31 ] 。听觉过敏调查表是最常用的评估方法 [ 20 ] ,它与响度不适水平也作为最常用的治疗后判断预后的指标 [ 2 ] 。GVF作为德语版的听觉过敏问卷,用于评估对声音过敏有关的主观困扰,一般认为在判断治疗需求方面,该问卷比听觉检查的效果好 [ 32 ] 。听觉过敏多项活动量表是评估一个人在哪种生活情况下会受到听觉过敏的困扰,以及困扰的程度,语言理解的影响程度以及在不同时间的严重程度。该表为成年人设计的,儿童或青少年使用方面还有待进一步研究 [ 20 ] 。此外,所有可用的听觉过敏问卷都存在可读性问题,这会使许多成年人无法使用 [ 33 ]

    临床上焦虑症和抑郁症常常与听觉过敏同时发生,临床评估应筛查这些情况。临床治疗团队中没有心理学方面的专家时,使用经过验证的问卷进行评估不可或缺。

    目前国内的听觉过敏评估有响度不适阈检测 [ 34 - 35 ] 、听觉过敏量表 [ 3 ] 、听觉过敏多项活动量表 [ 34 - 35 ] 和焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale) [ 3 , 35 ]

    6. 治疗进展

    目前尚无正式的临床实践指南,但对临床医生而言,重点是帮助人们控制不适的症状,而不是“治愈”其听觉过敏。听觉过敏治疗涉及不同的医学专业,包括耳鼻咽喉科学、听力学、听力前庭医学、临床心理学 [ 36 ] 。治疗方法包括:认知行为疗法,耳鸣习服疗法,心理咨询与教育,利用发声设备进行声学训练,药物治疗,手术治疗,中医治疗。

    认知行为疗法是通过帮助个人探索负面的思维过程并加以修正,从而打破由声音引起的初始情绪(例如焦虑)和身体感觉(例如疼痛)的恶性循环 [ 37 ] 。耳鸣习服疗法由有关耳鸣的神经生理模型的咨询和声治疗组成,用于伴或不伴耳鸣的听觉过敏,减轻对患者生活的影响 [ 2 ] 。声治疗现在使用非常普遍 [ 20 ] ,还有其他的一些尝试包括利用激光治疗的耳鸣治疗仪 [ 38 ] ,人工耳蜗 [ 39 ] ,耳鸣渐进式相移治疗仪 [ 40 ] ,耳内加压仪 [ 41 ] 。也有报道使用药物治疗听觉过敏的研究,比如服用双膦酸盐类药物 [ 42 ] ,去甲替林、维拉帕米、托吡酯组合方案 [ 43 ] 。有关手术的个案报道,有圆窗膜阻塞术 [ 44 ] 和卵圆窗加固术等 [ 45 ] 。国内也在中医针刺治疗方面进行了一定的尝试 [ 46 ]

    一项从患者角度的调查显示,患者认为耳鸣和听觉过敏治疗最有效的是心理咨询,其次是健康教育(内容是耳鸣习服疗法)和认知行为疗法 [ 5 ] 。Baguley等 [ 20 ] 提出将基于声治疗与认知行为疗法相结合也可能对听觉过敏有效。目前还没有足够的证据表明声音疗法、咨询和认知行为疗法是有效的 [ 28 , 47 ] 。在这一领域还需要精心设计的临床试验。

    7. 展望

    听觉过敏是一种主观症状,各种不同的定义,患者的经历也各不相同,这些代表了未来研究的挑战。在未来的研究中形成共识并制定统一的定义非常重要。听觉过敏在自闭症儿童中易发,但是国内有关报告较少。听觉过敏的检查评估手段有中文的问卷调查,但是缺少中文问卷使用效果的评价以及使用局限性的临床试验研究。有关听觉过敏的治疗在国内有中医治疗的方案,但是缺少循证医学的证据。听觉过敏涉及多个临床学科的综合诊治,因此,其评估和治疗应是多学科团队共同完成的。

    Funding Statement

    江苏省青年医学人才计划(No:QNRC2016679)

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