摘要 异构金属的微观异质结构同时提高了金属结构材料的强度和塑性。近年来,强韧性匹配优异的新型异构金属得到了广泛关注和快速发展,在汽车、交通等诸多领域拥有广阔应用前景,是轻量化交通载具优质用材。异构金属的设计理念是通过优化微观结构设计来提高力学性能,典型结构有梯度结构、双峰结构、层状结构等,导构金属材料的共同点是内部含有强度差异较大的微观结构单元。此种特殊设计的微观结构单元可通过调控合金成分、晶粒尺寸、晶体结构的差异来形成,由于其造成了强度在空间上的差异,材料在变形过程中软、硬单元变形不一致而产生了背应力。异构金属就得益于背应力的强化/硬化效应而兼具高强度和高塑性,从而实现了强韧性的完美匹配。
本文归纳了强韧性相匹配的异构金属材料的研究进展,分别对异构金属材料的力学性能特点、微观结构和变形机理进行了阐析,并对异构金属材料力学性能提升方面存在的问题和发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为力学性能优异的异构合金的设计、开发和应用提供参考。 Abstract: The heterogeneous microstructure of structural metals simultaneously improves their strength and toughness. Heterogeneous metals with excellent strengths and toughness have received significant attention recently, developed rapidly, and are considered a high-quality material for lightweight traffic vehicles. It has a wide range of applications in fields like automobiles and transportation. Heterogeneous metals improve the overall mechanical characteristics by achieving typical microstructures such as gradient, bimodal, and layered. Micro-units with large strength variations are contained in heterogeneous materials, which is a common point of an ideal microstructure. Differences in element distribution, grain size, and crystal structure of metals combine to generate the designated micro-units. The deformation of soft and hard microu-nits is inconsistent due to the variation in strength in space, and back stress is created when the material is strained. Due to the strengthening/hardening effect of back stress, heterogeneous metals have realized the perfect match of high strength and good toughness.
This review looks back on the synergistic strengthening and toughening of heterogeneous metals research efforts. The microstructure features, deformation mechanism, and mechanical characteristics of heterogeneous metals are discussed, while challenges and future trends for improving the mechanical performance of heterogeneous metals are covered. This review provides a guide to designing, developing, and applying heterogeneous metals with superior mechanical properties. Key words: heterogeneous metal heterogeneous microstructure mechanical property deformation mechanism strengthening and toughening 通讯作者: *马爱斌,河海大学力学与材料学院教授、博士研究生导师。教育部“高等学校骨干教师”、日本学术振兴会博士后特别资助获得者。1985年本科毕业于东南大学材料科学与工程系并留校任教,1997年在日本爱知工业大学取得工学博士学位,2001年开始在日本产业技术综合研究所进行博士后研究工作,2005年回国到河海大学任教。主要从事材料组织超细化、强韧化与耐蚀化等研究工作。在 Acta Materialia、Applied Catalysis B:Environmental、Scripta Materialia、Corrosion Science、Journal of Power Sources 等SCI期刊上发表论文 200余篇,获授权发明专利30余件,出版了《海上风电场防腐工程》《现代工业训练教程－金属热处理及质量检验》等专著。aibin-ma@hhu.edu.cn    1 Zhao Y H, Liao X Z, Horita Z, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2008,493(1),123.
2 Zhu Y T, Liao X. Nature Materials , 2004,3(6),351.
3 Wu X, Yang M, Yuan F, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences-PNAS , 2015,112(47),14501.
4 Wu X, Zhu Y. Materials Research Letters , 2017,5,1.
5 Chen A, Liu J, Wang H, et al. Materials Science and Engineering , 2016,667,179.
6 Yang M, Pan Y, Yuan F, et al. Materials Research Letters ,2016,4(3),145.
7 Li Y. Materials China , 2016, 35(9), 658(in Chinese).
李毅.中国材料进展, 2016,35(9),658.
8 Lu K. Acta Metallurgica Sinica , 2015,51(1) ,1(in Chinese).
卢柯.金属学报, 2015,51(1),1.
9 Chen D, Mao X, Ou M, et al. Surface and Coatings Technology , 2022,431,128031.
10 Zeng Y, Sun L, Yao H, et al. Ceramics International , 2022,48(8),10613.
11 Zeng Y, Zou Y, Zhang B, et al. Materials Characterization , 2022,185,111745.
12 Fu Y, Chen H, Guo R, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2021,888,161507.
13 Cao R, Yu Q, Li Y, et al. Journal of Materials Research and Technology , 2021,15,901.
14 Liu Y, Sun J, Fu Y, et al. Additive Manufacturing , 2021,48,102373.
15 Geng R, Qiu F, Zhao Q, et al. Materialia , 2020,13,100842.
16 Sun J, Jiang T, Wang Y, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2018,734,311.
17 Yin Y, Tan Q, Sun Q, et al. Journal of Materials Science & Technology , 2022,96,113.
18 Sun J, Yang C, Guo S, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2020,785,139339.
19 Zhang C, Zhu C, Harrington T, et al. Scripta Materialia , 2018,154,78.
20 Liu S, Wang W, Chen X, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2021,812,141094.
21 Wang M, Zhou Y, Lv H, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2021,882,160692.
22 Fu S, Liu J, Wang Z. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2019,751,253.
23 Zha M, Zhang H, Yu Z, et al. Journal of Materials Science & Technology , 2018,34(2),257.
24 Luo Y, Cheng W, Li H, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2022,834,142623.
25 Selvam K, Saini J, Perumal G, et al. Tribology International , 2019,134,77.
26 Liu X, Yuan F, Zhu Y, et al. Scripta Materialia , 2018,150,57.
27 Sharma B, Miyakoshi M, Vajpai S K, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2020,797,140227.
28 Nakai Y, Kikuchi S, Osaki K, et al. International Journal of Fatigue , 2021,143,106018.
29 Wang X, Li J, Cazes F, et al. International Journal of Plasticity , 2020,133,102793.
30 Li P, Zhou J, Li L, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2021,827,142092.
31 Bazhin P M, Konstantinov A S, Chizhikov A P, et al. Ceramics International , 2021,47(2),1513.
32 Mishra P K, Senthil P. Materials Today Communications , 2020,23,100955.
33 Zhang Y, Wang C, Reddy K M, et al. Acta Materialia , 2022,226,117670.
34 Huang J X, Liu Y, Xu T, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2022,834,142584.
35 Wang H Y, Xue E S, Xiao W, et al. Materials Science & Engineering: A , 2011,528(29-30),8790.
36 Mecking H, Kocks U F. Acta Metallurgica , 1981,29(11),1865.
37 Rong W, Zhang Y, Wu Y, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2019,740-741,262.
38 Xu C, Fan G H, Nakata T, et al. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science , 2018,49(5),1931.
39 Liu S, Zhang J, Chen X, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2020,785,139324.
40 Xu N, Feng R, Song Q, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2021,809,141004.
41 Wang M, Zhou Y, Lv H, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2021,882,160692.
42 Liu Y, Zheng Z, Mao M, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2019,808,151727.
43 Yuan T, Ren X, Chen S, et al. Journal of Materials Research and Technology , 2022,16,824.
44 Saba F, Nateq B, Sajjadi S A, et al. Composites Communications , 2021,27,100861.
45 Liu Z, Xia A, Li Q, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2020,803,140585.
46 Sun H, Liang Y, Li G, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2021,868,159155.
47 Dasari S, Jagetia A, Chang Y J, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2020,830,154707.
48 Xiong T, Zheng S, Pang J, et al. Scripta Materialia , 2020,186,336.
49 Lu W, Luo X, Yang Y, et al. Intermetallics , 2021,129,107036.
50 Zhang L, Du X, Zhang L, et al. Vacuum , 2021,188,110169.
51 Zhang X, Yan J, Liu T, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2021,800,140344.
52 Shukla S, Choudhuri D, Wang T, et al. Materials Research Letters , 2018,6(12),676.
53 Su J, Raabe D, Li Z. Acta Materialia , 2019,163,40.
54 Xiang Y, Vlassak J J. Acta Materialia , 2006,54(20),5449.
55 Zhao Y, Topping T, Bingert J F, et al. Advanced Materials , 2008,20(16),3028.
56 Calcagnotto M, Adachi Y, Ponge D, et al. Acta Materialia , 2011,59(2),658.
57 Zhang T, Wang G, Shu Y, et al. Vacuum , 2020,174,109217.
58 Deng Z, Liu D, Xiong Y, et al. Surface and Coatings Technology , 2021,427,127848.
59 Fan L L, Li Y, Zhao X Y, et al. Corrosion Science , 2021,192,109811.
60 Li X F, Zhang K F, Wang G F. Materials Letters , 2007,61(27),4901.
61 Gao J, Lu F, Tang Z, et al. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China , 2012,22(10),2491.
62 Yin Y, Kou W, Zhao Y, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2022,841,143005.
63 Zhan K, Li F, Wang W, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2022,904,164085.
64 Ren X, Wang R, Wei D, et al. Materials Letters , 2022,310,131484.
65 Wang C, Li C, Zuo Y, et al. Journal of Alloys and Compounds , 2022,901,163590.
66 Zhang X, Wang Y, Chen T, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2022,838,142781.
67 Sharma B, Yagi K, Vajpai S K, et al. Powder Technology , 2022,399,117188.
68 Yang M X, Yuan F P, Xie Q G, et al. Acta Materialia , 2016,109,213.
69 Han Q, Asgari A, Hodgson P D, et al. Materials Science & Engineering: A , 2014,611,90.
70 Zhang Z. Preparation and mechanical behavior of heterostructure copper. Master's Thesis, Kunming University of Science and Technology, China,2019(in chinese)
张峥. 异质结构铜的制备及力学行为研究. 硕士学位论文, 昆明理工大学, 2019.
71 Gao H, Huang Y. Scripta Materialia , 2003,48(2),113.
72 Ashby M. Philosophical Magazine , 1970,21,399.
73 Zhu Y, Wu X. Materials Research Letters , 2019,7(10),393.
74 Hughes D A, Hansen N, Bammann D J. Scripta Materialia , 2015,48(2),147.
75 Kato H, Moat R, Mori T, et al. ISIJ International , 2014,54(7),1715.
76 Hu X, Jin S, Hao Z, et al. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A , 2017,48(9),1.
77 Kassner M E, Geantil P, Levine L E. International Journal of Plasticity , 2013,45,44.
78 Ma X L, Huang C X, Xu W Z, et al. Scripta Materialia , 2015,103,57.
79 Xu R, Fan G, Tan Z, et al. Materials Research Letters , 2018,6(2),113.
80 Wu X, Jiang P, Chen L, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 2014,111(20),7197.
81 Gao H, Huang Y, Nix W D, et al. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids , 1999,47(6),1239.
82 Lu K. Science , 2014,345(6203),1455.
83 Wang Y F, Huang C X, He Q, et al. Scripta Materialia , 2019,170,76.
84 Guo F J, Wang Y F, Wang M S, et al. Materials Science and Enginee-ring: A , 2020,782,139256.
85 Zhang C, Zhu C, Harrington T, et al. Scripta Materialia , 2018,154,78.
86 Park H K, Ameyama K, Yoo J, et al. Materials Research Letters , 2018,6(5),261.
87 Liu Y, Cao Y, Mao Q, et al. Acta Materialia , 2020,189,129.
88 Li X, Liu Z, Cui S, et al. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering , 2019,347,735.
89 Maskery I, Aboulkhair N T, Aremu A O, et al. Materials Science and Engineering: A , 2016,670,264.
90 Bai L, Gong C, Chen X, et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences , 2020,182,105735.
刘海韬, 姜如, 孙逊, 陈晓菲, 马昕, 杨方. 多孔Al ₂ O _3f /Al ₂ O ₃ 复合材料研究进展 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(9): 22070158-10. 孙睿, 邬兆杰, 王栋民, 丁源, 房奎圳. 超细镁渣微粉-水泥复合胶凝材料的性能及水化机理 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(9): 22060197-11. 胡海波, 朱丽慧, 涂有旺, 段元满, 吴晓春, 顾炳福. 深冷处理工艺对M2高速钢显微组织与性能的影响 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(9): 21110028-6. 范雨生, 王茹. 纳米二氧化硅对丁苯共聚物/硫铝酸盐水泥复合砂浆物理力学性能的影响 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(9): 21080193-7. 陈磊, 徐荣正, 张利, 刘亚光, 李正坤, 张海峰, 张波. Zr基非晶夹层对Al/TA1异种金属电子束焊接头组织和性能的影响 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(8): 21100079-4. 刘勇, 刘哲, 高广志, 李志勇, 马凤森. 基于纳米材料的微针阵列技术及其应用 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(8): 21110160-10. 王梦浩, 王朝辉, 高璇, 高峰, 肖绪荡. 公路路面乳化沥青冷再生技术综述 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(7): 21080241-11. 程瑄, 桂晓露, 高古辉. 先进高强钢中的残余奥氏体:综述 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(7): 21070186-12. 乔丽学, 曹睿, 车洪艳, 李晌, 王铁军, 董浩, 王彩芹, 闫英杰. M390高碳马氏体不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢CMT对接焊连接机理 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(7): 21090294-6. 赵宇, 武喜凯, 朱伶俐, 杨章, 杨若凡, 管学茂. 碳纳米管对3D打印混凝土流变性能及力学性能的影响 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(6): 21080137-6. 刘文憬, 李元东, 宋赵熙, 毕广利, 杨昊坤, 曹杨婧. Sr+Er复合变质对AlSi10MnMg合金微观组织、导热及力学性能的影响 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(6): 21090239-7. 高志玉, 樊献金, 高思达, 薛维华. 基于多模型机器学习的合金结构钢回火力学性能研究 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(6): 21090025-7. 王嘉乐, 左雨欣, 王越锋, 陈洪立, 刘宜胜, 胡雨倞, 于影, 左春柽. ZnO@PAN抗腐蚀薄膜的制备、力学性能分析及在铝-空气电池中的应用研究 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(6): 21080088-6. 林方敏, 邢梅, 唐立志, 武学俊, 章小峰, 黄贞益. Fe-Mn-Al-C系低密度钢及其强韧化机制研究进展 [J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(5): 21050094-8. Yanzhen WANG, Mingming CHEN, Chengyang WANG. Preparation and Electrochemical Properties Characterization of High-rate SiO ₂ /C Composite Materials [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(3): 357 Yimeng XIA, Shuai WU, Feng TAN, Wei LI, Qingmao WEI, Chungang MIN, Xikun YANG. Effect of Anionic Groups of Cobalt Salt on the Electrocatalytic Activity of Co-N-C Catalysts [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(3): 362 Qingshun GUAN,Jian LI,Ruyuan SONG,Zhaoyang XU,Weibing WU,Yi JING,Hongqi DAI,Guigan FANG. A Survey on Preparation and Application of Aerogels Based on Nanomaterials [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(3): 384 Lijing YANG,Zhengxian LI,Chunliang HUANG,Pei WANG,Jianhua YAO. Producing Hard Material Coatings by Laser-assisted Cold Spray:a Technological Review [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(3): 412 Zhiqiang QIAN,Zhijian WU,Shidong WANG,Huifang ZHANG,Haining LIU,Xiushen YE,Quan LI. Research Progress in Preparation of Superhydrophobic Coatings on Magnesium Alloys and Its Application [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(1): 102 Wen XI,Zheng CHEN,Shi HU. Research Progress of Deformation Induced Localized Solid-state Amorphization in Nanocrystalline Materials [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(1): 116 Xing LIANG, Guohua GAO, Guangming WU. Research Development of Vanadium Oxide Serving as Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(1): 12 Hao ZHANG,Yongde HUANG,Yue GUO,Qingsong LU. Technological and Process Advances in Robotic Friction Stir Welding [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(1): 128 Laima LUO, Mengyao XU, Xiang ZAN, Xiaoyong ZHU, Ping LI, Jigui CHENG, Yucheng WU. Progress in Irradiation Damage of Tungsten and Tungsten AlloysUnder Different Irradiation Particles [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(1): 41 Fengsen MA,Yan YU,Jie ZHANG,Haibo CHEN. A State-of-the-art Review of Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Biomaterials [J]. Materials Reports, 2018, 32(1): 76