The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Learn more about our disclaimer.
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2021 May; 35(5): 579–585.
PMCID: PMC8175194

Language: Chinese | English

后路经皮脊柱内镜垂直锚定联合战壕技术治疗单节段中央型颈椎间盘突出症

Posterior percutaneous endoscopy via vertical anchor technique combined with trench technique for single-segmental central cervical disc herniation

庆帅 于

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

Find articles by 庆帅 于

瑞 邓

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

Find articles by 瑞 邓

磊 石

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

Find articles by 磊 石

磊 楚

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

Find articles by 磊 楚

昀 程

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

Find articles by 昀 程

铮剑 晏

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

Find articles by 铮剑 晏

珍勇 柯

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

Find articles by 珍勇 柯

忠良 邓

重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China 重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科-脊柱外科中心(重庆  400010), Department of Orthopedics-Spine Surgery Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P.R.China

邓忠良,Email:

结论

经皮脊柱内镜垂直锚定联合战壕技术治疗单节段中央型颈椎间盘突出症安全、可行,可获得较好疗效。

Keywords: 经皮脊柱内镜技术, 垂直锚定技术, 战壕技术, 中央型颈椎间盘突出症

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the clinical feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of posterior percutaneous endoscopy via vertical anchor technique combined with trench technique for single-segmental central cervical disc herniation.

Methods

Between July 2017 and August 2019, 13 patients with the single-segmental central cervical disc herniation suffering from various neurologic deficits were treated with posterior percutaneous endoscopy via vertical anchor technique combined with trench technique. There were 6 males and 7 females with an average age of 50.5 years (range, 43-64 years). Disease duration ranged from 3 to 17 months (mean, 9.2 months). The clinical symptoms of 5 cases were mainly neck pain, radiculopathy, and numbness in upper limbs, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 6.60±0.55. The clinical symptoms of 8 cases were myelopathy including upper extremities numbness, weakness, and trouble walking, and the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) score was 12.75±0.71. The surgery-related complications, operation time, and intraoperative blood loss were recorded, and the results of clinical symptoms were measured by VAS scores and mJOA scores.

Results

All procedures were completed successfully, no severe complications such as dural tears or cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred. The operation time ranged from 83 to 164 minutes (mean, 101.2 minutes). The intraoperative blood loss was 25-50 mL (mean, 33.1 mL). After operation, 12 of 13 cases were followed up 10-24 months (mean, 17.6 months). The VAS scores of patients with preoperative pain symptoms were 2.40±0.55 on the first day after operation and 1.80±0.45 at last follow-up, which were significantly lower than those before operation ( P <0.05). The mJOA scores of patients with the symptoms of spinal cord injury were 12.63±0.52 on the first day after operation and 14.29±0.95 at last follow-up, and the score at last follow-up was significantly higher than that before operation ( P <0.05). Acute extremities weakness occurred for the postoperative hematoma formation in 1 case (disc herniation at C 4, 5 ) presented with myelopathy preoperatively, and muscle strength was recovered after the clearance of hematoma and spinal cord decompression under percutaneous endoscopy.

Conclusion

Posterior percutaneous endoscopy via vertical anchor technique and trench technique for single-segmental central cervical disc herniation was clinical feasible, safe, and effective, and could be an alternative approach to the treatment of central cervical disc herniation.

Keywords: Percutaneous endoscopy, vertical anchor technique, trench technique, central cervical disc herniation

经皮脊柱内镜技术自 20 世纪 90 年代被 Bonaldi等首次报道后,已逐渐应用于颈椎、胸椎、腰椎退行性疾病的治疗 [ 1 - 6 ] 。中央型颈椎间盘突出症是指突出的椎间盘位于颈脊髓椎管中部,主要对硬膜外脂肪间隙和硬膜囊形成压迫,采用经皮脊柱内镜技术治疗时主要选择前路经椎间隙或者经椎体入路。与前路经椎间隙入路相比,前路经椎体入路避免了对椎间盘髓核组织的医源性损伤;但本团队既往研究发现远期部分患者椎体及椎间隙高度下降 [ 7 - 8 ] ,而且由于骨性通道大小的限制,镜下直接确认减压效果及扩大减压范围存在一定难度,加之前路重要器官及血管丰富,增加了手术风险。对于部分颈部粗短的肥胖患者,术中使用双指分离技术将气管、食管及动脉鞘推至手术对侧的难度较大。

为避免前路上述问题,前期我们采用后路经皮脊柱内镜垂直锚定技术成功治疗颈椎间盘突出症 [ 5 ] 。该技术用于中央型颈椎间盘突出症时,由于硬膜囊遮挡,镜下操作时易造成脊髓神经挤压。为此,我们对手术技术进一步改良,提出后路经皮脊柱内镜垂直锚定联合战壕技术,于 2017 年 7 月—2019 年 8 月临床应用治疗 13 例单节段中央型颈椎间盘突出症患者。现回顾总结患者临床资料,分析该技术用于治疗此类患者的临床安全性、可行性及治疗效果。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

本组男 6 例,女 7 例;年龄 43~64 岁,平均 50.5 岁。颈椎间盘突出节段:C 3、4 3 例,C 4、5 5 例,C 5、6 4 例,C 6、7 1 例;双侧突出 1 例。病程 3~17 个月,平均 9.2 个月。其中,临床症状以颈痛伴上肢放射痛、麻木为主者 5 例,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)为(6.60±0.55)分;以上肢乏力及行走不稳等脊髓损伤症状为主者 8 例,改良日本骨科协会(mJOA)评分为(12.75±0.71)分。术前均行颈椎 X 线片、MRI 平扫、CT 平扫及三维重建检查,明确颈椎稳定性、颈椎间盘突出节段及脊髓神经受压情况。患者临床资料详见 表 1

表 1

The general data of the patients

患者临床资料

病例
Gender
Disease
duration
herniation
level
Symptom
(min)
Operation
(minutes)
术中出血量
Intraoperative
blood loss
Follow-up
time (months)
VAS 评分
VAS score
mJOA 评分
mJOA score
Preoperative
第 1 天
The first
day after
operation
Follow-up
Preoperative
第 1 天
The first
day after
operation
Follow-up
1 46 3 C 5、6 脊髓损伤症状 108 25 15 12 12 13
2 43 6 C 5、6 脊髓损伤症状 95 30 12 12
3 47 12 C 4、5 颈痛伴上肢放射痛 84 30 12 6 3 2
4 57 9 C 3、4 脊髓损伤症状 89 35 18 13 13 14
5 64 14 C 6、7 脊髓损伤症状 113 30 24 12 13 16
6 52 5 C 5、6 颈痛伴上肢放射痛 102 25 21 7 2 1
7 51 4 C 3、4 颈痛伴上肢放射痛 83 30 15 7 3 2
8 46 7 C 4、5 脊髓损伤症状 92 30 17 13 13 14
9 45 8 C 3、4 脊髓损伤症状 110 35 20 13 13 15
10 58 11 C 4、5 颈痛伴上肢放射痛 90 40 14 6 2 2
11 50 13 C 4、5 脊髓损伤症状 100 50 10 14 12 14
12 49 17 C 5、6 脊髓损伤症状 164 40 21 13 13 14
13 48 10 C 4、5 颈痛伴上肢放射痛 86 30 24 7 2 2

1.2. 手术方法

本组手术均由同一位高年资医师主刀完成,其中颈椎间盘双侧突出者行双侧手术。

患者俯卧于可透视弓形架上,C 臂 X 线机正侧位透视定位颈椎间盘突出节段,并于下位颈椎椎弓根体表投影处作一标记。消毒铺巾,体表标记点局部麻醉后,于颈椎侧块体表标记处作为克氏针锚定穿刺点,作一长约 8 mm 小切口。X 线透视辅助下,穿刺克氏针至侧块内。沿克氏针逐级扩张,置入导杆并放置镜鞘。去除导杆,置入环锯,顺时针旋转环锯,并于侧块表面作一骨面环形标记。去除环锯后,连接经皮脊柱内镜系统(外径 7.5 mm、内径 6.9 mm)、经皮内镜下动力磨钻系统(单头钻,直径 3 mm)以及经皮内镜下射频消融系统。镜下仔细清理克氏针周围软组织,去除克氏针,暴露克氏针锚定点及侧块表面的骨面环形标记,使用磨钻于上述两处磨除侧块。磨除过程中,可将骨蜡涂抹于磨钻头,用于骨表面止血。在骨隧道内逐渐将磨钻向椎弓根头侧、内侧磨除,至椎弓根基底部与椎体后缘交界处(即椎间孔处),用探钩探查椎间孔并确认镜下位置。使用磨钻磨除部分椎体后壁,作一深 3~5 mm的“战壕”。将镜鞘逐渐深入“战壕”内,使用篮钳切开后纵韧带,暴露突出的椎间盘髓核组织及硬膜囊。X 线透视下确认髓核钳位置达椎体中份,取出突出的椎间盘髓核组织。冲洗软组织碎屑、彻底止血并确认硬膜囊充分减压。移除经皮脊柱内镜系统等,切口放置引流管,并缝合固定 1 针。见 图 1 2

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is zgxfcjwkzz-35-5-579-1.jpg

The vertical anchor technique and insertion of percutaneous endoscopic system

垂直锚定技术及经皮脊柱内镜器械置入过程

a. 克氏针锚定于下位颈椎侧块在椎弓根表面投影点;b. 沿克氏针置入导杆;c. 沿克氏针及导杆置入镜鞘;d. 沿导杆置入环锯并顺时针旋转,于侧块表面作一骨面环形定位;e. 磨钻到达椎体中份,确认髓核钳位置

a. Kirschner wire was anchored at the midline of the lateral mass of the lower cervical vertebrae; b. Inserted the dilator along the Kirschner wire; c. Inserted the working sheath along the dilator and Kirschner wire; d. Inserted the trephine along the dilator and rotated it clockwise to curve the surface of cortices; e. The location of endoscopic nuclear forceps was confirmed at the midline of vertebrae

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is zgxfcjwkzz-35-5-579-2.jpg

The endoscopic surgical procedure

内镜下操作示意图

a、b. 确认克氏针锚定点(黑色箭头)及环锯于侧块表面形成的标记(白色箭头);c. 使用磨钻于锚定点及标记处(白色箭头)进行磨除;d. 椎弓根磨除过程中,使用骨蜡于骨表面止血;e. 磨除至椎体后壁时,使用神经探钩探查椎间孔(白色虚线范围);f、g. 磨除部分椎体后壁、切断后纵韧带,暴露脊髓硬膜囊(红色箭头)、突出的椎间盘髓核组织,并取出突出的椎间盘髓核组织;h. 确认脊髓神经减压情况

a, b. Confirmed the location of Kirschner wire (black arrow) and circled mark (white arrow) made by trephine under endoscopy; c. The pedicle was drilled with burr following the target point (white arrow); d. Bone wax was used for hemostasis during the drilling; e. The vertebral foramina (white dotted lines) was confirmed using the nerve dissector when reaching the posterior vertebral wall; f, g. After drilling partial posterior vertebral wall, snipped the posterior longitudinal ligament, then exposed the spinal cord (red arrow) and removed the herniated disc; h. Confirmed the decompression

1.3. 术后处理及疗效观测指标

术后予以消肿、营养神经等治疗,24 h 内拔除引流管。记录手术时间(作手术切口至移除经皮脊柱内镜系统)及术中出血量。术后 6、12 个月及之后每年 1 次定期随访。复查颈椎 X 线片、CT 平扫及三维重建、MRI 平扫;采用 VAS 评分评估颈痛伴上肢放射痛症状的缓解程度,mJOA 评分评估上肢乏力及行走不稳等脊髓损伤症状恢复情况。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用 GraphPad Prism 8.4.3 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用重复测量方差分析,两两比较采用配对 t 检验;检验水准 α =0.05。

2. 结果

本组手术均顺利完成,无硬膜囊撕裂、脑脊液漏等严重并发症发生。手术时间 83~164 min,平均 101.2 min。术中出血量 25~50 mL,平均 33.1 mL。术后除 1 例术前以脊髓损伤症状为主的患者失访外,其余 12 例患者均获随访,随访时间 10~24 个月,平均 17.6 个月。其中,术前以疼痛症状为主者,术后疼痛症状明显缓解,VAS 评分术后第 1 天为(2.40±0.55)分、末次随访为(1.80±0.45)分,均较术前明显降低;手术前后各时间点间比较,差异均有统计学意义( P <0.05)。术前以脊髓损伤症状为主者,mJOA 评分术后第 1 天为(12.63±0.52)分、末次随访为(14.29±0.95)分;其中,末次随访时评分明显高于术前,差异有统计学意义( P <0.05)。详细资料见表 1。随访期间影像学复查显示手术入路磨除的部分椎弓根及椎体后壁可见骨性愈合情况。见 图 3

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is zgxfcjwkzz-35-5-579-3.jpg

MRI and CT scan and three-dimensional reconstruction of a 64-year-old male with cervical disc herniation at C 6, 7

患者,男,64 岁,C 6、7 节段椎间盘突出 MRI 及 CT 平扫、三维重建

a~d. 术前 C 6、7 节段椎间盘突出并向上游离脱出,至 C 6 椎体后方,后方脊髓神经受压明显;e~h. 术后第 3 天 C 6、7 节段突出的椎间盘髓核组织已全部取出,部分椎弓根及椎体后壁被磨除;i~l. 术后 2 年颈脊髓损伤信号进一步改善,磨除的椎弓根出现部分骨性愈合

a-d. The herniated and high migrated disc at C 6, 7 , and the spinal cord was compressed before operation; e-h. The herniated disc was completely removed, and partial pedicle and posterior vertebral wall were resected on the third day after operation; i-l. The situation of spinal cord injury was improved and bone healing was found in the pedicle at 2 years after operation

1 例 C 4、5 节段椎间盘突出且术前以脊髓损伤症状为主患者,术后第 1 天因手术部位血肿形成,出现急性四肢肌力减退,上肢肌力由术前 4 级降至 3 级,右下肢肌力由术前 5 级降至 4 级,左下肢肌力由术前 5 级降至 3 级,mJOA 评分由术前 14 分降至术后 12 分。急诊行经皮脊柱内镜下椎管内血肿清除及椎管减压术。末次随访时 mJOA 评分为 14 分,上肢肌力为 4 + 级,右下肢肌力为 4 级,左下肢肌力为 4 + 级。

3. 讨论

经皮脊柱内镜技术治疗中央型颈椎间盘突出症时,采用前路经椎体入路可根据病灶位置制定个性化骨隧道,并通过蓝染骨蜡进行标记定位,达到脊髓腹侧彻底减压,解除脱出至椎体后方的软性压迫 [ 8 ] 。有限元分析显示钻孔通道直径应控制在 6 mm 以内,骨性通道直径超过 10 mm、软骨终板切除超过 8 mm 时存在术后终板塌陷可能 [ 9 ] 。Du 等 [ 10 ] 在一项前路经椎体入路治疗颈椎间盘突出症的临床研究中发现,术后 2 年 5.7% 手术节段椎间盘发生一定退变,考虑与椎间盘后方纤维环、软骨终板损伤有关 [ 11 ] 。而且长期随访研究也发现该入路方式存在软骨终板损伤致终板塌陷的可能 [ 12 ] 。因此,前路经椎体入路如何避免软骨终板的过度损伤、切除,仍需要进一步研究。

传统后路经皮脊柱内镜技术治疗颈椎间盘突出症时,磨钻磨除起始点通常位于 V 点,即椎板间隙内侧份,向外侧磨除范围 3~4 mm [ 13 ] ,对椎间关节突关节存在一定医源性损伤。对于中央型颈椎间盘突出症,突出物位于硬膜囊腹侧,加之硬膜囊的遮挡,传统后路经皮脊柱内镜下通过磨除 V 点到达硬膜囊腹侧时,工作通道易压迫脊髓神经,造成脊髓神经损伤,因此该术式常适用于外侧型或椎间孔型颈椎间盘突出症 [ 13 ] 。按照“对神经组织无创,对关节软骨、韧带软组织微创,对皮肤与骨组织小创”的经皮脊柱内镜手术原则 [ 14 - 15 ] ,并且尽可能降低关节突关节损伤、减少术中工作通道对硬膜囊挤压,我们提出了后路经部分椎弓根入路结合垂直锚定及战壕技术治疗中央型颈椎间盘突出症。

垂直锚定技术是在传统后路颈椎经皮脊柱内镜技术基础上,为提高靶向定位准确性、减少术中透视次数、缩短手术时间,通过将克氏针锚定在侧块中份,并结合环锯在侧块进行环形标记,对锚定点及手术靶点进行双重确定,以提高手术靶向的准确性 [ 5 ] 。与传统后路经皮脊柱内镜技术相比,该技术锚定点位于侧块,而非 V 点,尽可能保留了手术节段关节突的完整性,避免了关节突医源性损伤,可在一定程度上减少术后颈椎退变。但在锚定过程中应注意以下两方面:① 避免垂直锚定点过于靠近侧块内侧份;② 锚定克氏针过程中,避免力量过大造成椎板或黄韧带破口,麻醉药物会通过破口进入硬膜外间隙或蛛网膜下腔,造成全脊髓麻醉罕见并发症 [ 16 ]

战壕技术即使用磨钻经椎弓根内侧份磨至椎体后方 [ 17 ] 。具体操作步骤:首先通过垂直锚定技术,以手术节段下位颈椎侧块在椎弓根表面的投影点作为磨除起始点,沿椎弓根由外侧向内侧、头侧进行磨除,到达椎弓根基底部与椎体交界处后,继续将部分椎体后壁磨除,形成一深 3~5 mm 的壕沟,可到达相应节段椎体及椎间隙中份,暴露突出的椎间盘髓核组织,为镜下器械创造一定操作空间、减少对脊髓硬膜囊的干扰。在磨除全过程中,磨钻保持在骨性通道中,在一定程度上降低了传统后路经皮脊柱内镜手术对脊髓神经根的干扰刺激。该技术在理论上可解除脊髓腹侧的软性压迫以及合并部分椎间盘钙化的压迫。但对于来自硬膜囊腹侧的骨性压迫,仍存在一定难度。多项经皮脊柱内镜治疗腰椎侧隐窝狭窄的研究表明,磨除部分关节突及椎体后壁不会增加医源性脊柱失稳的风险 [ 18 - 20 ] 。此外,本研究中克氏针锚定点及磨钻起始点均位于颈椎侧块,并未累及关节突,而且术后随访发现椎弓根存在骨性愈合情况,磨除的椎弓根范围逐渐减小。因此,我们认为磨除上述组织结构未对该节段颈椎稳定性产生影响。

与前路经椎体入路术式相比,本组患者均采用静脉麻醉联合局麻方式,降低了手术麻醉风险。患者术中可保持一定清醒状态,在脊髓神经周围操作时,可实时反馈术中体验及症状变化,更有利于术者镜下操作,一定程度上减小了脊髓神经刺激;同时也为无法耐受全身麻醉的患者提供了手术机会。

本组术后 1 例 C 4、5 节段椎间盘突出患者,术后第 1 天手术部位血肿形成,出现急性上肢及下肢肌力减退,急诊行椎管减压及血肿清除术。我们认为该患者手术部位血肿形成与引流管位置不佳造成术后引流不畅有关。此外,术中磨除部分椎弓根内侧份及椎体后方部分骨质、暴露硬膜囊的过程中,需严格仔细止血,可使用射频或磨钻涂抹骨蜡 [ 21 ] ,以减轻骨表面出血。

综上述,后路经皮脊柱内镜垂直锚定联合战壕技术治疗单节段中央型颈椎间盘突出症安全、有效,但该技术仍建立在颈椎内镜手术经验上,学习曲线较为陡峭。此外,由于术中磨除了部分椎弓根内侧份及椎体后壁,对手术节段颈椎稳定性、颈椎应力负荷及小关节突退变的影响,仍需进一步行有限元分析研究。

作者贡献:于庆帅、邓瑞负责文章撰写;邓忠良、柯珍勇、楚磊、晏铮剑负责实验设计;邓忠良负责手术实施;于庆帅、石磊负责数据收集整理及统计分析;晏铮剑、程昀、邓忠良负责患者随访及文章校对。

利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。

机构伦理问题:研究方案经重庆医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会批准(20170310)。患者均签署知情同意书。

Funding Statement

重庆市社会事业与民生保障科技创新专项(cstc2016shms-ztzx10001-6)、重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项重点项目(cstc2019jscx-gksbX0027)

Special Foundation for Social Safeguard and Scientific Innovation of Chongqing in 2019 (cstc2016shms-ztzx10001-6); Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Project (cstc2019jscx-gksbX0027)

References

1. Clausen JD, Goel VK, Traynelis VC, et al Uncinate processes and Luschka joints influence the biomechanics of the cervical spine: quantification using a finite element model of the C 5 -C 6 segment . J Orthop Res. 1997; 15 (3):342–347. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100150305. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
2. Choi KY, Eun SS, Lee SH, et al Percutaneous endoscopic thoracic discectomy; transforaminal approach. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2010; 53 (1):25–28. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1246159. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
3. Ahn Y Percutaneous endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2014; 11 (6):605–616. doi: 10.1586/17434440.2014.940314. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
4. Li ZZ, Hou SX, Shang WL, et al. Percutaneous lumbar foraminoplasty and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar decompression for lateral recess stenosis through transforaminal approach: Technique notes and 2 years follow-up. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2016, 143: 90-94.
5. Liao C, Ren Q, Chu L, et al Modified posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy for lateral cervical disc herniation: the vertical anchoring technique. Eur Spine J. 2018; 27 (6):1460–1468. doi: 10.1007/s00586-018-5527-y. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
6. Liu C, Liu K, Chu L, et al Posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy through lamina-hole approach for cervical intervertebral disc herniation. Int J Neurosci. 2019; 129 (7):627–634. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1503176. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
7. Yu KX, Chu L, Yang JS, et al Anterior transcorporeal approach to percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy for single-level cervical intervertebral disk herniation: case series with 2-year follow-up. World Neurosurg. 2019; 122 :e1345–e1353. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.045. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
8. 杨俊松, 楚磊, 邓忠良, 等 前路经椎体内入路全内镜下减压治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症临床研究 中国修复重建外科杂志 2020; 34 (5):543–549. [ Google Scholar ]
9. Wu WK, Yan ZJ, Zhang TF, et al. Biomechanical influences of transcorporeal tunnels on C4 vertebra under physical compressive load under flexion movement: A finite element analysis. World Neurosurg, 2018, 114: e199-e208.
10. Du Q, Wang X, Qin JP, et al Percutaneous full-endoscopic anterior transcorporeal procedure for cervical disc herniation: a novel procedure and early follow-up study. World Neurosurg. 2018; 112 :e23–e30. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.001. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
11. Choi G, Lee SH, Bhanot A, et al Modified transcorporeal anterior cervical microforaminotomy for cervical radiculopathy: a technical note and early results. Eur Spine J. 2007; 16 (9):1387–1393. doi: 10.1007/s00586-006-0286-6. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
12. Ren Y, Yang J, Chen CM, et al. Outcomes of discectomy by using full-endoscopic visualization technique via the transcorporeal and transdiscal approaches in the treatment of cervical intervertebral disc herniation: a comparative study. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 5613459. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013456.
13. Kim CH, Shin KH, Chung CK, et al Changes in cervical sagittal alignment after single-level posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy. Global Spine J. 2015; 5 (1):31–38. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1395423. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
14. 邓忠良 从机体内环境稳态理解微创脊柱外科手术的内涵与原则 中华创伤杂志 2015; 31 (10):865–867. [ Google Scholar ]
15. 邓忠良 经皮脊柱内镜手术的相关问题 中国骨伤 2020; 33 (5):393–396. [ Google Scholar ]
16. Wu W, Yan Z Intraoperative total spinal anesthesia as a complication of posterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy. Eur Spine J. 2018; 27 (Suppl 3):431–435. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
17. Yu KX, Chu L, Chen L, et al A novel posterior trench approach involving percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy for central cervical intervertebral disc herniation. Clin Spine Surg. 2019; 32 (1):10–17. doi: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000000680. [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]
18. Ahn Y Percutaneous endoscopic decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2014; 11 :605–616. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
19. Li ZZ, Hou SX, Shang WL, et al Percutaneous lumbar foraminoplasty and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar decompression for lateral recess stenosis through transforaminal approach: Technique notes and 2 years follow-up. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016; 143 :90–94. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
20. Ruetten S, Komp M, Merk H, et al Recurrent lumbar disc herniation after conventional discectomy: a prospective, randomized study comparing full-endoscopic interlaminar and transforaminal versus microsurgical revision. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2009; 22 (2):122–129. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
21. Chu L, Yang JS, Yu KX, et al Usage of bone wax to facilitate percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy via anterior transcorporeal approach for cervical intervertebral disc herniation. World Neurosurg. 2018; 118 :102–108. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]

Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University