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关键信息
简介
共同特点
闪语族
埃及-科普特语族
柏柏尔语族
库施特语族
乍得语族

简介

库施特语族
库施特语族是阿非罗-亚细亚语系的一个语族。主要语言有 索马里语 、盖拉语等。分布于 索马里 埃塞俄比亚 等地,使用人口约1500万。闪含语系通常分为以下5个语族:闪语族、埃及-科普特语族、柏柏尔语族、库施特语族和乍得语族。 乍得 语族的归属问题。学者们有不同意见。有些学者否认乍得诸语言跟其他各语族之间有亲缘关系,另一些学者则认为有亲缘关系。
库施特语族
贝扎语支
贝扎语
阿高语支
东库施特语支
索马里语
加拉语
西库施特语支
南库施特语支
姆布古语
姆布隆格语

共同特点

阿非罗-亚细亚诸语言在古代的一些主要共同特点:①语音方面:a.都有长、短 a、i、u 6个 元音 ;b.擦音都有 3类:清、浊和喉擦音;c.用声门闭塞与否作为区别性特征;d. 辅音 与半元音(w和y)一起使用;e.有 3类辅音:清、浊和“强势”辅音,后者等于清辅音加上喉塞音,或等于喉化辅音(包括清、浊),或内爆发音。②词法方面:a.名词和动词的词根由动词派生而来,动词由两个部分构成:辅音构成词根,元音构成内容。b.绝大多数词根都由 3个辅音构成,两个辅音的词根很少。c.加中缀的系统非常发达,即在词根中插进各种成分,构成新义。d.后缀系统较不发达。e.名词、代词至少有3个格;名词、代词和动词有3个数──单数、双数和 复数 。③语法方面:a.事件的结果用名词的零谓语表示。动词都有互相对立的体:完成体对未完成体,一次体对持续体;动词的时、态表达法到现代阶段才发展起来;b.用添加后缀的方法表示代词的所有关系和宾语,给动词加前缀,表示动作者。c.古代阿非罗 -亚细亚诸语言的名词、代词和动词有许多性,现在只有两个性。d.句法方面,修饰结构用得很多。保留上述所有或大部分特点的阿非罗-亚细亚诸语言,属于古代阶段;保留不少于 2/3特点的,属于中古阶段; 失去一半以上特点的, 则属于现代阶段。除了阿拉伯和希伯来书面语言外,所有阿非罗-亚细亚诸语言都是属于现代阶段的语言。

闪语族

主要包括 阿拉伯语 希伯来语 、阿拉米语、 马耳他语 阿姆哈拉语 等。使用人口近 1.3亿。主要语言特点是:保存有强势塞音▆和q。古代的塞擦音已经消失,代之以咝音 s、▄、z和齿间音th、▆h、dh。阿拉伯语中保留有喉音。原来的6 元音 系统也已经发生变化。词没有阳性标记,只有阴性标记。南部闪语族诸语言名词复数的构成,采用所谓的“中分性复数”,例如: 阿拉伯语 kalb(狗)、kilāb(许多狗)。用复杂的中加元音系统和加前、后缀的方法构成新词。闪语族诸语言的典型句法是修饰结构:①支配的名词置于被支配名词之前,前者以简缩的形式出现,后者用所有格;②两个名词并列,名词用复杂格的形式表示,中间用代词连接。 阿拉伯语 中有不少来自 波斯语 和突厥语的词语。

埃及-科普特语族

最初的代表是 古埃及 语,约4世纪以后为 科普特语 所取代,后者现仅用于宗教仪式。科普特语采用简化了的象形文字(见图)。

柏柏尔语族

分布于 北非 ,主要是 摩洛哥 阿尔及利亚 ,其次是 尼日尔 马里 等国。主要语言有什卢赫语、塔马齐格特语、瑞菲安语和图阿列格语(又称塔马舍克语)。柏柏尔诸语言的使用人口 800万左右,其中摩洛哥有500万,阿尔及利亚有250万,其他国家有50万。柏柏尔诸语言彼此极为相似。语音系统中的 元音 *a、*i、*u已失去,或简化为 [dān] ;*╣、*ī、*ū变成a、i、u,齿间音、边音和塞擦音已失去。除了动词以外,构词采用内部屈折法。名词的 复数 采用中分性复数。图阿列格语动词的时有好几种表达法。来自 阿拉伯语 的借词很多。

库施特语族

库施特语族
主要语言包括 索马里语 、盖拉语、锡达莫语、贝贾语等。分布于 索马里 埃塞俄比亚 等地,使用人口1500万左右。库施特诸语言的特点:保留大部分强势 辅音 ,闪语族诸语言中的齿间音在这里变成塞擦音。只有一部分动词利用前缀(动作者标记)变化表示 变位 ,大部分动词采用新的变位系统。有阳性和阴性;重复词干表示 复数 ;代词系统跟闪语族诸语言非常接近。有来自埃塞俄比亚诸语言、 阿拉伯语 、尼罗 - 撒哈拉 诸语言的许多借词。 索马里语 采用阿拉伯字母。

乍得语族

分布于撒哈拉以南地区。主要语言包括 豪萨语 乍得 诸语言的使用人口约3000万,主要的语言特点:都是声调语言,声调有区分词义的功能。跟阿非罗-亚细亚诸语言的早期阶段相比,乍得诸语言已失去许多音。大部分动词是助动词后接动词性名词。大多数语言的名词都有性,但没有格。有来自 英语 阿拉伯语 、弗拉尼语、东苏丹诸语言的借词。
见阿非罗-亚细亚语系。
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