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(current page)
string
$cipher
,
string
$key
,
string
$data
,
string
$mode
,
string
$iv
= ?
): string | false 加密数据并返回密文。
示例 #1 mcrypt_encrypt() 示例
<?php
# --- 加密 ---
# 密钥应该是随机的二进制数据，
# 开始使用 scrypt, bcrypt 或 PBKDF2 将一个字符串转换成一个密钥
# 密钥是 16 进制字符串格式
$key
=
pack
(
'H*'
,
"bcb04b7e103a0cd8b54763051cef08bc55abe029fdebae5e1d417e2ffb2a00a3"
);
# 显示 AES-128, 192, 256 对应的密钥长度：
#16，24，32 字节。
$key_size
=
strlen
(
$key
);
echo
"Key size: "
.
$key_size
.
"\n"
;
$plaintext
=
"This string was AES-256 / CBC / ZeroBytePadding encrypted."
;
# 为 CBC 模式创建随机的初始向量
$iv_size
=
mcrypt_get_iv_size
(
MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128
,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
);
$iv
=
mcrypt_create_iv
(
$iv_size
,
MCRYPT_RAND
);
# 创建和 AES 兼容的密文（Rijndael 分组大小 = 128）
# 仅适用于编码后的输入不是以 00h 结尾的
# （因为默认是使用 0 来补齐数据）
$ciphertext
=
mcrypt_encrypt
(
MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128
,
$key
,
$plaintext
,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
,
$iv
);
# 将初始向量附加在密文之后，以供解密时使用
$ciphertext
=
$iv
.
$ciphertext
;
# 对密文进行 base64 编码
$ciphertext_base64
=
base64_encode
(
$ciphertext
);
echo
$ciphertext_base64
.
"\n"
;
# === 警告 ===
# 密文并未进行完整性和可信度保护，
# 所以可能遭受 Padding Oracle 攻击。
# --- 解密 ---
$ciphertext_dec
=
base64_decode
(
$ciphertext_base64
);
# 初始向量大小，可以通过 mcrypt_get_iv_size() 来获得
$iv_dec
=
substr
(
$ciphertext_dec
,
0
,
$iv_size
);
# 获取除初始向量外的密文
$ciphertext_dec
=
substr
(
$ciphertext_dec
,
$iv_size
);
# 可能需要从明文末尾移除 0
$plaintext_dec
=
mcrypt_decrypt
(
MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128
,
$key
,
$ciphertext_dec
,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
,
$iv_dec
);
echo
$plaintext_dec
.
"\n"
;
?>
以上示例会输出：
Key size: 32 ENJW8mS2KaJoNB5E5CoSAAu0xARgsR1bdzFWpEn+poYw45q+73az5kYi4j+0haevext1dGrcW8Qi59txfCBV8BBj3bzRP3dFCp3CPQSJ8eU= This string was AES-256 / CBC / ZeroBytePadding encrypted.scott at paragonie dot com ¶
9 years ago
If you're writing code to encrypt/encrypt data in 2015, you should use openssl_encrypt() and openssl_decrypt(). The underlying library (libmcrypt) has been abandoned since 2007, and performs far worse than OpenSSL (which leverages AES-NI on modern processors and is cache-timing safe).
Also, MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256 is not AES-256, it's a different variant of the Rijndael block cipher. If you want AES-256 in mcrypt, you have to use MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128 with a 32-byte key. OpenSSL makes it more obvious which mode you are using (i.e. 'aes-128-cbc' vs 'aes-256-ctr').
OpenSSL also uses PKCS7 padding with CBC mode rather than mcrypt's NULL byte padding. Thus, mcrypt is more likely to make your code vulnerable to padding oracle attacks than OpenSSL.
Finally, if you are not authenticating your ciphertexts (Encrypt Then MAC), you're doing it wrong.
Further reading:
https://paragonie.com/blog/2015/05/using-encryption-and-authentication-correctly
https://paragonie.com/blog/2015/05/if-you-re-typing-word-mcrypt-into-your-code-you-re-doing-it-wrong
19 years ago
Solving 3DES incompatibilities with .NET's TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider
mcrypt's 3DES only accepts 192 bit keys, but Microsoft's .NET and many other tools accept both 128 and 192 bit keys.
If your key is too short, mcrypt will 'helpfully' pad null characters onto the end, but .NET refuses to use a key where the last third is all null (this is a Bad Key). This prevents you from emulating mcrypt's "short key" behaviour in .NET.
How to reconcile this? A little DES theory is in order
3DES runs the DES algorithm three times, using each third of your 192 bit key as the 64 bit DES key
Encrypt Key1 -> Decrypt Key2 -> Encrypt Key3
and both .NET and PHP's mcrypt do this the same way.
The problem arises in short key mode on .NET, since 128 bits is only two 64 bit DES keys
The algorithm that they use then is:
Encrypt Key1 -> Decrypt Key2 -> Encrypt Key1
mcrypt does not have this mode of operation natively.
but before you go and start running DES three times yourself, here's a Quick Fix
<?php
$my_key
=
"12345678abcdefgh"
;
// a 128 bit (16 byte) key
$my_key
.=
substr
(
$my_key
,
0
,
8
);
// append the first 8 bytes onto the end
$secret
=
mcrypt_encrypt
(
MCRYPT_3DES
,
$my_key
,
$data
,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
,
$iv
);
//CBC is the default mode in .NET
?>
And, like magic, it works.
There's one more caveat: Data padding
mcrypt always pads data will the null character
but .NET has two padding modes: "Zeros" and "PKCS7"
Zeros is identical to the mcrypt scheme, but PKCS7 is the default.
PKCS7 isn't much more complex, though:
instead of nulls, it appends the total number of padding bytes (which means, for 3DES, it can be a value from 0x01 to 0x07)
if your plaintext is "ABC", it will be padded into:
0x41 0x42 0x43 0x05 0x05 0x05 0x05 0x05
You can remove these from a decrypted string in PHP by counting the number of times that last character appears, and if it matches it's ordinal value, truncating the string by that many characters:
<?php
$block
=
mcrypt_get_block_size
(
'tripledes'
,
'cbc'
);
$packing
=
ord
(
$text
{
strlen
(
$text
) -
1
});
if(
$packing
and (
$packing
<
$block
)){
for(
$P
=
strlen
(
$text
) -
1
;
$P
>=
strlen
(
$text
) -
$packing
;
$P
--){
if(
ord
(
$text
{
$P
}) !=
$packing
){
$packing
=
0
;
}
}
}
$text
=
substr
(
$text
,
0
,
strlen
(
$text
) -
$packing
);
?>
And to pad a string that you intend to decrypt with .NET, just add the chr() value of the number of padding bytes:
<?php
$block
=
mcrypt_get_block_size
(
'tripledes'
,
'cbc'
);
$len
=
strlen
(
$dat
);
$padding
=
$block
- (
$len
%
$block
);
$dat
.=
str_repeat
(
chr
(
$padding
),
$padding
);
?>
That's all there is to it.
Knowing this, you can encrypt, decrypt, and duplicate exactly any .NET 3DES behaviour in PHP.
9 years ago
The encryption has no authenticity check. It can be achieved with three methods, described in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption#Approaches_to_Authenticated_Encryption
Encrypt-then-MAC (EtM), Encrypt-and-MAC (E&M), MAC-then-Encrypt (MtE).
The following is a suggestion for MtE:
<?php
public static function
getMacAlgoBlockSize
(
$algorithm
=
'sha1'
)
{
switch(
$algorithm
)
{
case
'sha1'
:
{
return
160
;
}
default:
{
return
false
;
break;
}
}
}
public static function
decrypt
(
$message
,
$key
,
$mac_algorithm
=
'sha1'
,
$enc_algorithm
=
MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256
,
$enc_mode
=
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
)
{
$message
=
base64_decode
(
$message
);
$iv_size
=
mcrypt_get_iv_size
(
$enc_algorithm
,
$enc_mode
);
$iv_dec
=
substr
(
$message
,
0
,
$iv_size
);
$message
=
substr
(
$message
,
$iv_size
);
$message
=
mcrypt_decrypt
(
$enc_algorithm
,
$key
,
$message
,
$enc_mode
,
$iv_dec
);
$mac_block_size
=
ceil
(static::
getMacAlgoBlockSize
(
$mac_algorithm
)/
8
);
$mac_dec
=
substr
(
$message
,
0
,
$mac_block_size
);
$message
=
substr
(
$message
,
$mac_block_size
);
$mac
=
hash_hmac
(
$mac_algorithm
,
$message
,
$key
,
true
);
if(
$mac_dec
==
$mac
)
{
return
$password
;
}
else
{
return
false
;
}
}
public static function
encrypt
(
$message
,
$key
,
$mac_algorithm
=
'sha1'
,
$enc_algorithm
=
MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256
,
$enc_mode
=
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
)
{
$mac
=
hash_hmac
(
$mac_algorithm
,
$message
,
$key
,
true
);
$mac
=
substr
(
$mac
,
0
,
ceil
(static::
getMacAlgoBlockSize
(
$mac_algorithm
)/
8
));
$message
=
$mac
.
$message
;
$iv_size
=
mcrypt_get_iv_size
(
$enc_algorithm
,
$enc_mode
);
$iv
=
mcrypt_create_iv
(
$iv_size
,
MCRYPT_RAND
);
$ciphertext
=
mcrypt_encrypt
(
$enc_algorithm
,
$key
,
$message
,
$enc_mode
,
$iv
);
return
base64_encode
(
$iv
.
$ciphertext
);
}
?>
13 years ago
In the other notes there are some misconceptions about crypto and the IV, especially for CBC mode.
The most important point: Encryption DOES NOT provide any proof of data integrity or authentication WHATSOEVER. If you need to be sure that the data is secret and not tampered with, you need to encrypt THEN use a keyed HMAC.
For CBC mode, the IV DOES NOT need to be secret. It can be sent along with the plaintext. It needs to be UNIQUE and RANDOM. So that every message is encrypted with a different IV.
The best way to generate an IV is to use mcrypt_create_iv().
Keys must be binary, not ASCII. To create a key from a password:
<?php
$password
=
"MyPassword!1!"
;
$aes256Key
=
hash
(
"SHA256"
,
$password
,
true
);
//we want a 32 byte binary blob
?>
12 years ago
It is always better to use a standard encryption cipher's rather than to "roll your own", firstly the standard cipher has been tested by world class crypto-analysis's where as unless your a world class crypto-analysis (and if you are why are you even thinking of rolling your own?!?) you won't have the skills needed to even test it (for example if you just XOR each character with a key, it may look secure (the text will be different) but if you count the number of times a character is repeated you see whatever the letter "E" encrypts to occurs more often then the encrypted "Z" (assuming English language plain text)
Secondly, you may think that the hidden nature of your cipher makes it more secure, but the fact is that your cipher is likely *only* secure because it's secret, if someone what able to break-in to your site and steal your code (but not your key) they maybe able break you encrypted data, if someone broke in and found you where using Blowfish (for example) it wouldn't help them.
13 years ago
I've noticed some people using a-z, A-Z and 0-9 for keys and stating things like "16 characters is a 128-bit key". This isn't true. Using only these characters, you will get at most 6 bits of entropy per chartacter:
log2(26 + 26 + 10) = 5.954196310386876
So you're actually only getting 95 bits of entropy in 16 characters, which is 0.0000000117% of the keyspace you would get if you were using the full range.
In order to get the full entropy from a key using just a-z, A-Z and 0-9 you should multiply your key length by 1.3333 to account for the 2 bits of lost entropy per byte.
17 years ago
I should mention that ECB mode ignores the IV, so it is misleading to show an example using both MCRYPT_MODE_ECB and an IV (the example in the manual shows the same thing). Also, it's important to know that ECB is useful for random data, but structured data should use a stronger mode like MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
Also, rtrim($decryptedtext, "\0") would be a better option to remove NULL padding than my lazy trim()...
14 years ago
Contrary to what is implied in the mcrypt_encrypt() manual page, as well as the info given regarding the CBC vs CFB modes, mcrypt_encrypt() works just fine for encrypting binary data as well.
A simple example verifies that the decrypted output is binary identical once cut to its original length:
<?php
// 448-bit key (56 bytes) - the only size that mcrypt/php uses for the Blowfish cipher
// (using a smaller key works just fine, as mcrypt appends \0 to reach proper key-size)
$key
=
'SADFo92jzVnzSj39IUYGvi6eL8v6RvJH8Cytuiouh547vCytdyUFl76R'
;
// Blowfish/CBC uses an 8-byte IV
$iv
=
substr
(
md5
(
mt_rand
(),
true
),
0
,
8
);
// do 50 encrypt/decrypt operations on some random data, and verify integrity with md5()
for(
$i
=
0
;
$i
<
50
;
$i
++ )
{
// create a random, binary string of random length
$size
=
mt_rand
(
25000
,
500000
);
$c
=
0
;
$data
=
null
;
while(
$c
++ *
16
<
$size
)
$data
.=
md5
(
mt_rand
(),
true
);
$data
=
substr
(
$data
,
0
,
$size
);
$cksum
=
md5
(
$data
);
// encrypt using Blowfish/CBC
$enc
=
mcrypt_encrypt
(
MCRYPT_BLOWFISH
,
$key
,
$data
,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
,
$iv
);
echo
$size
.
' -> '
.
strlen
(
$enc
) .
' -> '
;
// decrypt (using same IV - a must for the CBC mode)
$dec
=
mcrypt_decrypt
(
MCRYPT_BLOWFISH
,
$key
,
$enc
,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC
,
$iv
);
// cut the output with substr(), NOT by using rtrim() as is suggested in some of
// the mcrypt manual pages - this is binary data, not plaintext
echo (
md5
(
substr
(
$dec
,
0
,
$size
)) ==
$cksum
?
'ok'
:
'bad'
) .
PHP_EOL
;
}
?>
10 years ago
I was trying (and succeeded) to encrypt and decrypt in JAVA, pass it to php, and do it again,without corrupting data when I noticed something interesting. So, my code goes like this:
$data = 'one';
$key = '1234567890123456';
function encrypt($data, $key){
return base64_encode(
mcrypt_encrypt(
MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128,
$key,
$data,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC,
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
)
);
}
function decrypt($data, $key){
$decode = base64_decode($data);
return mcrypt_decrypt(
MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_128,
$key,
$decode,
MCRYPT_MODE_CBC,
"\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"
);
}
$encrypted = encrypt($data, $key);
$decrypted= decrypt($encrypted, $key);
//In the beginning, I thought something's wrong, because I did '===' comparison between $decrypted and $data. It didn't work (but later started working, again, dont know why...) So, I dumped both:
var_dump($data);
var_dump($decrypted);
//Results:
string(16) "one"
string(16) "one"
//Clearly, the length of both is 3, not 16. Just wanted to let you know what could happen, and I really don't know if this is a bug...
Thanks,
S.
6 years ago
<?php
# Vernam Cipher (One-time pad)
$k1
=
'1.key'
;
$k2
=
'2.key'
;
$d
=
'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog'
;
VernamCipher
::
createTestKeyFile
(
$k1
,
1024
);
copy
(
$k1
,
$k2
);
$c1
= new
VernamCipher
(
$k1
);
$eD
=
$c1
->
encryptWithHMAC
(
$d
);
echo
'Encrypted: '
,
bin2hex
(
$eD
);
$c2
= new
VernamCipher
(
$k2
);
echo
PHP_EOL
,
'Decrypted: '
,
$c2
->
decryptWithHMAC
(
$eD
);
class
VernamCipher
{
const
DEFAULT_HMAC_ALGO
=
'sha3-256'
;
const
DEFAULT_HMAC_KEY_LENGTH
=
16
;
const
DEFAULT_HMAC_HASH_LENGTH
=
32
;
private
$keyFilePath
;
private
$keyFileHandler
;
private
$deferredFtruncate
=
false
;
private
$deferredFtruncatePos
;
private
$hmacAlgo
=
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_ALGO
;
private
$hmacKeyLength
=
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_KEY_LENGTH
;
private
$hmacHashLength
=
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_HASH_LENGTH
;
function
__construct
(
string $keyFilePath
,
string $hmacAlgo
=
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_ALGO
,
int $hmacKeyLength
=
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_KEY_LENGTH
)
{
$this
->
keyFilePath
=
$keyFilePath
;
$this
->
openKeyFile
();
if(
$hmacAlgo
!==
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_ALGO
) {
if(
in_array
(
$hmacAlgo
,
hash_algos
())) {
$this
->
hmacAlgo
=
$hmacAlgo
;
$this
->
hmacHashLength
=
strlen
(
hash
(
$this
->
hmacAlgo
,
''
,
true
));
}
else {
$this
->
hmacAlgo
=
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_ALGO
;
$this
->
hmacHashLength
=
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_HASH_LENGTH
;
}
}
if(
$hmacKeyLength
!==
self
::
DEFAULT_HMAC_KEY_LENGTH
) {
$this
->
hmacKeyLength
=
$hmacKeyLength
;
}
}
public function
encryptWithHMAC
(
string $data
)
{
$hmacKey
=
$this
->
getBytes
(
$this
->
hmacKeyLength
);
$encData
=
$this
->
encrypt
(
$data
);
$dataHmac
=
$this
->
hashHmac
(
$encData
,
$hmacKey
);
return
$dataHmac
.
$encData
;
}
public function
decryptWithHMAC
(
string $data
)
{
$dataLength
=
strlen
(
$data
);
if(
$dataLength
<
$this
->
hmacHashLength
)
throw new
Exception
(
'data length '
.
$dataLength
.
' < hmac length '
.
$this
->
hmacHashLength
);
$dataHmacRemote
=
substr
(
$data
,
0
,
$this
->
hmacHashLength
);
$dataOnly
=
substr
(
$data
,
$this
->
hmacHashLength
);
$hmacKey
=
$this
->
getBytes
(
$this
->
hmacKeyLength
,
false
);
$dataHmacLocal
=
$this
->
hashHmac
(
$dataOnly
,
$hmacKey
);
if(
hash_equals
(
$dataHmacLocal
,
$dataHmacRemote
) ===
false
)
throw new
Exception
(
'Hashes not equals, remote: '
.
bin2hex
(
$dataHmacRemote
).
' local:'
.
bin2hex
(
$dataHmacLocal
));
$this
->
deferredFtruncate
();
return
$this
->
encrypt
(
$dataOnly
);
}
public function
encrypt
(
string $data
) :
string
{
$dataLength
=
strlen
(
$data
);
$bytes
=
$this
->
getBytes
(
$dataLength
);
for(
$i
=
0
;
$i
<
$dataLength
;
$i
++)
$data
{
$i
} =
$data
{
$i
} ^
$bytes
{
$i
};
return
$data
;
}
public function
decrypt
(
string $data
) :
string
{
return
$this
->
encrypt
(
$data
);
}
private function
hashHmac
(
$data
,
$key
)
{
return
hash_hmac
(
$this
->
hmacAlgo
,
$data
,
$key
,
true
);
}
# Don't use in production. You must use true random number generator.
public static function
createTestKeyFile
(
string $filePath
,
int $size
)
{
file_put_contents
(
$filePath
,
random_bytes
(
$size
));
}
private function
deferredFtruncate
()
{
if(!
$this
->
deferredFtruncate
)
return;
ftruncate
(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
,
$this
->
deferredFtruncatePos
);
$this
->
deferredFtruncate
=
false
;
}
public function
getBytes
(
int $length
,
$truncateNow
=
true
) :
string
{
fseek
(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
,
0
,
SEEK_END
);
$currentPos
=
ftell
(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
);
if(
$currentPos
<
$length
)
throw new
Exception
(
'Not enough key materials, key size: '
.
$currentPos
.
' needed: '
.
$length
);
fseek
(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
, -
$length
,
SEEK_END
);
$bytes
=
fread
(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
,
$length
);
if(
$truncateNow
)
ftruncate
(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
,
$currentPos
-
$length
);
else {
$this
->
deferredFtruncate
=
true
;
$this
->
deferredFtruncatePos
=
$currentPos
-
$length
;
}
return
$bytes
;
}
private function
openKeyFile
()
{
if(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
)
return;
if((
$this
->
keyFileHandler
=
fopen
(
$this
->
keyFilePath
,
'rb+'
)) ===
false
)
throw new
Exception
(
'Cant open key file: '
.
$this
->
keyFilePath
);
if(!
flock
(
$this
->
keyFileHandler
,
LOCK_EX
|
LOCK_NB
))
throw new
Exception
(
'Cant lock key file: '
.
$this
->
keyFilePath
);
}
}
?>
18 years ago
Most of the user-written cipher examples here are badly broken, and there are a few cases where the manual says things that are outright incorrect, such as that it's "safe to transmit the initialization vector in plaintext" (this is incorrect: see Ciphers By Ritter,
http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/GLOSSARY.HTM#IV
, for details.)
mcrypt itself is perfectly safe, but correct and therefore safe usage is inobvious. It is important to use a cryptographic library correctly; a simple usage error, even when it produces results that can be unpacked at the other side, can render a strong algorithm completely useless.
The initialization vector must be permuted with a recoverable noise source (an arbitrary md5 hash is acceptable, since it's just a fake OTP and its origin contents are wholly unimportant.)
Passwords should be remade with a salted one-way hash (md5 is again acceptable even though it's been damaged, since the only thing you could recover from a cracked md5 hash is the source data to generate the password, which is useless.)
It's important to use a sane block mode (OFB is unsafe for almost all algorithms; never use it. Prefer CBC in all cases except where you need to deal with a degraded signal and cannot retransmit.)
A correct usage example is actually pretty long and needs a lot of explanation, so I developed a safe wrapper library which doesn't constrain usage and which comments itself very heavily. It's appropriate for use or for learning. Please see my blog for details on Stone PHP SafeCrypt:
http://blog.sc.tri-bit.com/archives/101
8 years ago
I always use this method to prevent a lot of errors
function encrypt( $string ) {
$algorithm = 'rijndael-128'; // You can use any of the available
$key = md5( "mypassword", true); // bynary raw 16 byte dimension.
$iv_length = mcrypt_get_iv_size( $algorithm, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC );
$iv = mcrypt_create_iv( $iv_length, MCRYPT_RAND );
$encrypted = mcrypt_encrypt( $algorithm, $key, $string, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, $iv );
$result = base64_encode( $iv . $encrypted );
return $result;
}
function decrypt( $string ) {
$algorithm = 'rijndael-128';
$key = md5( "mypassword", true );
$iv_length = mcrypt_get_iv_size( $algorithm, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC );
$string = base64_decode( $string );
$iv = substr( $string, 0, $iv_length );
$encrypted = substr( $string, $iv_length );
$result = mcrypt_decrypt( $algoritmo, $key, $encrypted, MCRYPT_MODE_CBC, $iv );
return $result;
}
10 years ago
Please note that the following part of the documentation is no longer true (after commit:
http://git.php.net/?p=php-src.git;a=commit;h=a861a3a93d89a50ce58e1ab1abef1eb501f97483
):
> key
> The key with which the data will be encrypted. If it's smaller than the required keysize, it is padded with '\0'. It is better not to use ASCII strings for keys.
That commit changed the behaviour to be strict and if the keysize is smaller than the required size a warning will be issued as follows:
Warning: mcrypt_encrypt(): Key of size 10 not supported by this algorithm. Only keys of size 16 supported in script.php on line 5
and the mcrypt_encode() will return failure.