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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2022-05/shshomepage_bjdega_1800px_0.jpg?h=1926dcfa&amp;itok=Lbj-M5aq 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-05/shshomepage_bjdega_1800px_0.jpg?h=1926dcfa&amp;itok=VP8k9teF 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-05/shshomepage_bjdega_1800px_0.jpg?h=1926dcfa&amp;itok=VP8k9teF" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">社会及人文科学</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/culture" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/365">文化</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/culture" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/pexels-min-an-1313814_1.jpg?h=3e3a268a&amp;itok=qeXpCAxZ 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/pexels-min-an-1313814_1.jpg?h=3e3a268a&amp;itok=qeXpCAxZ" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">文化</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/communication-information" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/370">传播与信息</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/communication-information" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.webp?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=i1QjIQ2c 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.webp?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=PLlgxb5d 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.webp?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=wZzETgNM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=i1QjIQ2c 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=PLlgxb5d 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=wZzETgNM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/shutterstock_1398425123.jpg?h=f373bea4&amp;itok=wZzETgNM" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">传播与信息</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/ocean" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66813">海洋</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/ocean" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.webp?h=485955ec&amp;itok=thmYM1ml 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.webp?h=485955ec&amp;itok=0gLljC_i 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.webp?h=485955ec&amp;itok=5FT0C7dS 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=thmYM1ml 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=0gLljC_i 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/png"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=5FT0C7dS 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/png"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-02/nv-xl_ioc_01.png?h=485955ec&amp;itok=5FT0C7dS" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">海洋</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/africa" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/378">非洲</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2022-02/shutterstock_1685506030.jpg?h=e9fe42b1&amp;itok=wJZsxxOV 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-02/shutterstock_1685506030.jpg?h=e9fe42b1&amp;itok=ATb1Gnt- 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-02/shutterstock_1685506030.jpg?h=e9fe42b1&amp;itok=ATb1Gnt-" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">非洲</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/gender-equality" class="nav-link">性别平等</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/gender-equality" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.png?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=NYCt1eG6 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/png"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-01/card-xs_gender.png?h=710cadb6&amp;itok=NYCt1eG6" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">性别平等</span></div></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <span class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown-menu" title="Expand menu 我们的影响力">我们的影响力</span><div class="big menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-0 dropdown-menu bg-primary menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-level_0"><div class="row submenu-wrapper"><div class="left-wrapper col-lg-3 col-md-12"><div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">了解教科文组织在世界各地的影响力，以及本组织为建设持久和平所做的努力。</div><div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden menu-links field__items"><div class="field__item menu-link"><a class="btn btn-secondary" href="/zh/node/1063">我们的影响力</a></div></div></div><div class="right-wrapper col-lg-9 col-md-12"><div class="main-navigation collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav"><ul class="menu nav navbar-nav menu-level-1"><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/node/818" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/818">案例</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/node/818" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.webp?h=9462684d&amp;itok=SChLiczi 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.webp?h=9462684d&amp;itok=K9ZPi2jv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.webp?h=9462684d&amp;itok=fd9Xjhhp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=SChLiczi 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=K9ZPi2jv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=fd9Xjhhp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-11/14559%20%281%29.jpg?h=9462684d&amp;itok=fd9Xjhhp" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">案例</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/lists-designations" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66210">名录</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="/zh/lists-designations" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card card-overlay"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.webp?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=Ct778Ps0 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.webp?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=_o_cx-TP 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.webp?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=pHZnN1QM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_desktop/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=Ct778Ps0 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=_o_cx-TP 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=pHZnN1QM 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2021-10/machu%20pichu%20shutterstock.jpg?h=c8979c99&amp;itok=pHZnN1QM" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">名录</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="/zh/legal-affairs" class="nav-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66535">Standard setting &amp; legal affairs</a><div class="menu_link_content 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_tablet/public/2022-09/tmb-nav-vert_normative-action.jpg?h=485955ec&amp;itok=y94-0zL9 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-09/tmb-nav-vert_normative-action.jpg?h=485955ec&amp;itok=bXHjf7qO 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2022-09/tmb-nav-vert_normative-action.jpg?h=485955ec&amp;itok=bXHjf7qO" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">Standard setting &amp; legal affairs</span></div></a></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/zh/explore?date_from=%5B2-years-ago%5D" class="nav-link">教科文组织在全球</a><div class="menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-1 level-1-submenu"> <a href="https://www.unesco.org/zh/explore?date_from=%5B2-years-ago%5D" class="submenu"><div class="submenu-big card 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srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-05/2003_Convention.png?h=8b6e3e77&amp;itok=dVaX8TyF 1x" media="all and (max-width: 575px)" type="image/png"/> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/submenu_mobile/public/2023-05/2003_Convention.png?h=8b6e3e77&amp;itok=dVaX8TyF" alt=""/> </picture><span class="submenu-text">教科文组织在全球</span></div></a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></li><li class="menu-item nav-item"> <span class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown-menu" title="Expand menu 观点与数据">观点与数据</span><div class="big menu_link_content menu-link-contentmain view-mode-level-0 dropdown-menu bg-primary menu-dropdown-0 menu-type-level_0"><div class="row submenu-wrapper"><div class="left-wrapper col-lg-3 col-md-12"><div class="field field--name-field-description field--type-string-long field--label-hidden field__item">教科文组织是联合国思想实验室。了解最新的观点、多媒体内容、免费课程、出版物和报告。</div><div class="field field--name-field-links field--type-link field--label-hidden menu-links 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text-primary"><span>文章</span></p><h1 class="title article-title">论自由和艺术</h1></div><div class="main-node-content"><div class="content-narrow"><div class="media-wrapper"><div class="media-image field field--name-field-ref-image field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"><article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-medium"><div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_desktop/article/courier/photos/cou_01_19_auden_01_web.webp?itok=MQb5A1HQ 1x" media="all and (min-width: 993px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/paragraph_medium_tablet/article/courier/photos/cou_01_19_auden_01_web.webp?itok=_wiGvfcz 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px) and (max-width: 992px)" type="image/webp"/> <source 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class="media-legend">《书之帕特农神庙》（2017），2017年在德国卡塞尔举行的艺术活动 “Documenta 14”上，阿根廷艺术家玛尔塔·米努欣（Marta Minujín）搭建的作品。这个以帕特农神庙为原型的装置作品是由一些国家过去或现在的禁书组成的，目的是反抗审查制度。</div></div></div><div class="content-infos-wrapper"><div class="content-authors-wrapper"><div>By</div><div class="authors"><div class="people-link-name"><div class="field field--name-field-first-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">威斯坦·休·奥登</div><div class="field field--name-field-last-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">威斯坦·休·奥登</div></div></div></div><div class="content-date-wrapper"><div class="created-time"><span>25 January 2019</span></div></div></div><div class="field field--name-field-paragraphs field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"><div class="field__item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default"><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>威斯坦·休· 奥登（Wystan Hugh Auden）在反驳英国诗人珀西· 比希· 雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）的名言时说：“诗人不再是，而且从来不是尘世的无冕立法者，最好能让他们有点儿自知之明。” 在这篇写于 1947 年但未经发表的文章中，这位英裔美籍作家对自由和艺术的局限、它们的潜力和互动关系提出了质疑。奥登对艺术的看法与那种将艺术看得过高的浪漫主义观点截然不同，他提倡莎士比亚的观点：艺术是举起镜子，照见自然。</strong></p><p>威斯坦·休·奥登</p><p>自由意味着选择的自由。假如一个人面前摆着两种或更多可行的办法，他会选择其中一种而放弃其他种种，这就是行使自由权。自由的选择是笃定而明确的。自由派神学家对于海森堡不确定性原理感到欣喜，这真是愚蠢。行为状态飘忽不定，对于电子而言或许无伤大雅，但对于自由的人来说，这绝对不可取。</p><h3>选择分为三种：</h3><ol><li>行动选择。在沙漠中口渴难耐的人是不自由的，不是因为他不能满足对水的渴求，而是因为他无法在喝水或不喝水之间作出选择。</li><li>价值判断选择。善恶、真假、美丑、绝对或相对、必要或禁止。</li></ol><p>只见过一幅画的人是不自由的，他无从辨别这幅画是美是丑；感到愤怒或恐惧的人是不自由的，他意识不到任何其他心理状态，无法判断自己的愤怒或恐惧。</p><ol><li>对于权威的选择。谁说上帝、个人或组织就该发号施令？就该令人信服？没有自知自觉，没有可行的替代办法，就没有自由可言。</li></ol><p>人类在精神方面的追求完全不同于饥饿和性欲等本能的欲望。精神追求有两个目标：摆脱桎梏、出人头地。这两个目标可能，而且时常产生矛盾冲突，前者认为凡被“给予” 者，无论是出于本性还是周边世界使然，均是对自由的制约，渴望自由行动。不过，恰恰有这些被“给予”者，才能让人感到自己受到重视。绝对任意性的另一面是绝对的繁琐与平庸。</p><h3/><p> </p><h3>有如游戏的艺术</h3><p>为了同时满足这两者，人类作出了多种尝试，其中之一是犯罪的自由行为——为违法而违法。法律代表着某种重要性，违反法律则是宣示自由。另一条途径是游戏参与者选定游戏规则，继而遵守这些规则。就其本质而言，所有艺术、理论科学和创作都属于这个范畴。艺术是什么？艺术家为什么要创作？这是两个不同的问题。</p><p>我认为，任何创作形式的背后都隐匿着某种基本冲动——有些事情非做不可，至于事情的结果，则排在次位。</p><p>游戏规则对于玩家的意义在于，规则增加了难度，考验和测试着人们与生俱来的天赋或后天习得的技能。既然游戏没有违反道德，那么是否要参加这场游戏，就完全取决于游戏能否给人带来乐趣，也就是要看个人本领如何。人们问一位医术精湛的外科医生，为什么要做手术，假如这位医生够诚实的话，就不会说什么“因为拯救生命是我的天职”，他会说：“因为我喜欢做手术。”此人可能对他的邻居恨之入骨，却也可能因为对这一技能的喜好而救了邻居的性命。</p><p>不得不承认，从最深层的意义上讲，艺术和科学属于人类所具备的特殊才能，属于无意义的活动。真正的问题在于人人都具备的意志，爱人如己的意志。谈到爱，就无所谓才能，也说不上快乐和煎熬。</p><p>假如有人问那位仁慈的撒玛利亚人，为什么要救助被盗贼袭击的落难者，他断不会说“因为我喜欢行善”（除非是为了开玩笑），因为此事无关快乐或痛苦，而旨在于遵守戒律：“你们当爱他人。”</p><h3>共同爱好</h3><p>人类群体分为三类：</p><ol><li>群体，两个或更多人，其唯一共同特征是恰好聚在一起，比如坐在同一节火车车厢里的四个陌生人。</li><li>社团，两个或更多人，为从事一项人人都必须参与的活动而聚在一起，如弦乐四重奏。</li><li>族群，两个或更多人，出于对自身之外其他事物的共同爱好而聚在一起，比如满满一屋子的音乐爱好者。</li></ol><p>社团具有明晰的规模和结构，整体性质不同于各个部分的单纯叠加。因此，个人成员的意志从属于社团的整体意志，无论这种整体意志是如何形成的。在弦乐四重奏中，必须由其中一人来决定演奏曲目，莫扎特（Mozart）还是贝多芬（Beethoven），其他人，无论内心是否赞同，都必须服从。社团可能同时也是族群，但也可能不是。弦乐四重奏中的大提琴手可能讨厌音乐，演奏只是为了谋生。社团自由的前提条件是，行使权力的社团成员得到其他成员的自由同意。社团在自由的情况下可以发挥出最佳功能，但在某些情况下，基于以下两点道德考量，可以，而且实际上必须采取强迫手段，迫使顽劣成员履行部分职责：</p><ol><li>履行社团职责的意义。</li><li>能否以更加顺从的个人来替代顽劣的成员。</li></ol><p>族群，与群体一样，没有明晰的规模。族群中的个人成员没有反对意见，因此也就谈不上族群的“整体意志”。这些人出于对同一种事物的爱好而构成了一个族群（群体则不同，群体没有共同爱好）。1947 年 6 月 23 日出版的《时代》杂志刊文称，有报道说，弗拉基米尔·科塞斯基（Vladimir Koretsky）先生在联合国人权会议上声称：“人没有权利反对社会。与社会作对的人一文不值。”如果译文无误，科塞斯基先生就是在胡说八道。</p><p>个人可以反对社团，比如大提琴手可能会在演奏时跑调。但是，假如大提琴手讨厌莫扎特的音乐，而乐队其他成员热爱莫扎特，这就意味着这里存在两个族群——莫扎特爱好者族群和莫扎特厌恶者潜在族群。一个人就可以组成一个族群，社团的成立则需要全体成员在场，而且彼此之间需要建立起恰当的关系。</p><p>族群分为两种：封闭（不自由）族群和开放（自由）族群。封闭族群的成员有着共同的爱好，但这种爱好并非出于选择，而是由于族群成员不知道还有其他任何爱好，也就无法与当前的爱好形成好恶比较。开放族群的成员有意识地从两种或更多选项中选出了自己的所爱。</p><h3>以艺术为鉴</h3><p>假如我对俄耳甫斯（Orpheus）的神话和亚里士多德（Aristotle）的净化学说理解无误，希腊人认为艺术有着一种神奇的力量，可以唤起美好的情感，驱散不良心绪，从而培养正确的行为。在我看来，一直以来始终困扰着世界的这条艺术理论是错误的。假如希腊人言之无误，那么柏拉图（Plato）在《理想国》和托尔斯泰（Tolstoy）在《艺术论》中对艺术的种种责难便是言之凿凿，无可辩驳。</p><p>我认为，正确的定义应是莎士比亚所说的“举起镜子，照见自然”—— 艺术不会改变人们的感受，而是让人们意识到自己实际上已经拥有或可能拥有的感受，以及各种不同感受之间实际存在或可能出现的相互关系。艺术世界有如一面镜子，在其中可以看到现实世界似是而非的镜像，也可以观察到情感，只不过这种情感已经疏离了最初的激情。艺术家的工作是打磨一面镜子，尽可能减少扭曲，还原世界的本来面貌，并且要尽可能广泛地反映出世界的丰饶多姿。拙劣的艺术扭曲失真，平庸的艺术只能反映出现实世界微不足道的小角落。</p><h3>艺术不作评判</h3><p>艺术的价值有二：其一，艺术让人快乐，闲情逸致自有乐趣；其二，艺术扩大了自由的范畴。假如人类失去想象力，就无法在两种可行的做法之间作出选择，只能全盘接受。在他真切地感受到某种情感之前，无法对相反的情感作出价值判断。</p><p>艺术不会，也无法影响人们的实际选择或判断，只会让这种选择或判断成为一种自觉。</p><p>比如，读《麦克白》无法阻止一个人去杀人。但是读过《麦克白》的人比没读过的人更清楚地知道一步步成为杀人凶手会是什么样，如果他选择去行凶，他会更加对自己的行为负责。</p><p>换言之，艺术绝不是净化社会的手段，而是将封闭族群变为开放族群的重要方法。</p><p>艺术给人类造成伤害的形式有两种。首先，拙劣的艺术带来错误的欢愉。假如艺术映射出的世界扭曲变形，假如艺术为一味迎合观众而故意忽略潜在的恶，或是否认潜在的善而让观众陷入绝望（同时也带来乐趣，着实令人费解），那么艺术对人类就是一种伤害。</p><p>其次，更严重的是，越是优秀的艺术，可能产生的危害也就越大，艺术可能会诱使观众陷入无休止的自省而不能自拔，丧失行动能力，就像哈姆雷特（Hamlet）一样根本无法作出选择。伟大的艺术是危险的，会让人陷入自恋。那耳喀索斯（Narcissus）</p><p>爱上自己在水中的倒影，并非因为那倒影俊美无比，而是因为那水中的自己蕴含着无穷无尽的可能性。</p><p>人们可以换一种方式来讲述这则神话故事：那耳喀索斯是一个大脑注水的白痴，他瞥见了自己映在池塘中的倒影，于是喊起来：“我穿这身衣服真好看！”</p><p>或者：那耳喀索斯既不俊美，也不丑陋，只是个相貌平平的普通人 *，他瞥见了自己映在池塘中的倒影，于是说道：“你好啊，咱俩以前是不是见过面？”</p><p>艺术可以助长两种不良族群的形成，一是自欺欺人的族群，二是模仿自由族群，但关于善恶的知识背离了意志，直至意志被削弱，无法在善恶之间作出抉择。</p><p>每件艺术品都会成为爱慕者或潜在爱慕者族群的关注焦点。假如艺术家本可以创作其他作品，却偏偏选择了创作这件作品，相应的族群便是自由的。反之亦然，观众或读者本可以观看或阅读另一件作品，却偏偏选择了眼前这一件。假如艺术家创作出的作品除他本人之外再也没有其他欣赏者，假如观众找不到自己喜爱的任何作品，那不是自由与否的问题，而只是没有形成族群。可以通过两种方式来压制自由：可以迫使艺术家修改作品，与对艺术家放任自流相比，族群的性质会发生改变；或者，可以不让民众接触到艺术家的作品，族群的范围会因此而缩小。</p><h3>审查制度</h3><p>审查制度分为两类：一是计划外经济审查制度，艺术家无法按照自己的意愿创作，公众无法了解艺术家的作品，因为在经济上负担不起；二是有计划的权威审查制度。从经济层面上说，要最充分地实现艺术自由，就需要有尽可能多的各类出版商、书商、图书馆、画廊等，而且其中不乏（但不全是）大规模机构。<br/>假如机构的历史太短，最重要的是，假如存在国家垄断，即便没有苛刻的审查制度，发行作品的品类也必然会减少。假如所有机构的规模都很小，意味着部分潜在受众承担的成本过高。</p><p>我们认为，若是将我们漠不关心的人与自己心爱的人相比，尊重前者的自由会更容易一些。自由派在这件事上往往碰得头破血流。假如家长或者政府明辨是非善恶，就会清楚地知道，子女或民众有可能作出在他们看来令人不快或错误的选择。一旦出现错误的选择，家长或政府以及他们的宠儿都会因此而受苦，不仅如此，家长或政府与他们的宠儿将不再属于同一族群。</p><p>然而，爱人如己恰恰意味着愿意让他人犯错，而且在对方因为犯错而遭受苦难时，愿意与其同甘共苦。这是因为人人都会有意识地希望为自己的思想和行为负责，无论要为此付出何种代价。人人都晓得，权利和义务不一样，选择行善是应尽的责任，选择作恶则是人类的权利，正如卡夫卡（Kafka）所说：“要让一个人尽量不说谎，就要千方百计让他不能说谎，不能让他有哪怕一点点说谎的机会。”</p><p>当局关心子民应该循规蹈矩，多过关心他们是否选择循规蹈矩，而且总是忍不住想找一条捷径。短期来看，充满激情的人与已经进入欲望反射阶段的人相比，前者的行动速度更快，也更有成效。因此，当局通常希望艺术家能够激起民众对于善的渴望，而不是让民众意识到善与恶的对立。如果可以的话，当局会让艺术家成为柏拉图笔下“高贵的说谎者”。</p><p>艺术几乎从未因美学原因而受到审查，这是由于艺术家极少成为当权者，不过这样也好。例如，在我天马行空的想象中，人们因为读雪莱的诗或是听勃拉姆斯（Brahms）的音乐就被判到盐矿去劳动改造，拥有一台自动点唱机就是犯下死罪。</p><p>审查机关通常会抛出两个理由：作品有伤风化，将煽动民众实施伤风败俗或违法的行为，造成社会难以继续正常运作；或者，作品传递异端邪说，诱导民众接受其他价值观，而不是当局主导的价值观，导致民众抛弃当局的族群，另外建立新的族群。</p><p>审查无非意味着两件事：作品有潜在受众，其成员无法作出负责任的选择。因此，必须满足以下两个条件，才允许对作品进行审查：针对未成年人，法律认定未成年人尚无法作出负责任的选择；针对成年人，由成年人选定审查员，假如不再相信其权威，大可以无视该审查员的意见。</p><p>比如，罗马天主教会把某些书籍列为禁书，这不能算是侵犯教徒的自由，因为没人规定人人都必须成为罗马天主教徒，而一旦选择成为天主教徒，必然意味着相信教会有权决定信徒可以阅读哪些内容。</p><p>任何国家都没有这项权利，因为一个人的出生注定其成为某个政治社会的成员，这是一种机缘巧合，而不是自觉的选择。</p><h3>革命和人的自由</h3><p>历史上的历次大革命无一不涉及人类自由的某些特定方面，并且代表着某一类人。每次革命都彻底地实现了某种自由。但历次革命的成果岌岌可危，都是源自其虚伪地自诩为“革命”，这场“革命”真正关注的只是与其有关的自由的某一侧面。</p><p>任何一场革命关注的自由的某一侧面，显然都是被此前的革命所忽略的。因此，后来者往往理直气壮地批评前人没有支持其为之奋斗的自由。然而，历次革命的命运休戚与共，一荣俱荣，一损俱损。如果前一次革命没能成功，后继者也必将失败。因此，任何一场革命要想取得成功，必须首先捍卫此前的革命成果。</p><p>11 世纪和12 世纪的教皇革命明确了个人可以自由选择效忠的对象，有权离开某一族群，转而加入另一族群，而且有权同时属于两个族群。</p><p>这一时期的典型人物是沉思冥想的异国教士和躁动不安的地方士兵。</p><p>16 世纪的宗教改革明确了个人可以自由选择职业，有权离开其父亲所属的社团而加入另一个社团。这一时期的典型人物是一些专业人士。</p><p>18 世纪和19 世纪的法国革命与工业革命确立了个人发挥才干，争取得到公众关注的自由，如果有能力，个人有权凭借一己之力改变族群或是领导社会。这一时期的典型人物是费加罗（Figaro）。头脑可以改变一切。二十位国王头戴王冠，死神打破了祭坛，只有伏尔泰（Voltaire）是不朽的。</p><h3>芸芸众生之一</h3><p>20 世纪的革命正试图确立，个人有权让身体自由成长，保持健康，有权判断身体是否得到满足。这一时期的典型人物是匿名的裸体男子，有着身份识别号码，但不属于任何社团或族群，只是芸芸众生之一。</p><p>因此，现代人埋头于研究医学和经济学，奉行激进主义，反对法国大革命的成果、言论自由和思想自由，在现代人看来，这些无不威胁到全体一致的行动。在物质层面，确实做到了人人需求平等，性格或才干方面的个体差异无关紧要。</p><p>当前这场革命的目的是征服自然，赢得自由 **。而人们此前通过历次革命争取到的自由从未像现在这样受到如此严重的威胁。法国大革命被否定，媒体被操控，艺术和科学受到审查；宗教改革被否定，现在由国家决定公民该从事哪种职业；教皇革命被否定，大一统的国家自称拥有绝对的权威。</p><p>如今，才华横溢的个人正在因为过去两百年间的自以为是而受到惩罚。诗人不再是，从来不是尘世的无冕立法者，最好能让他们有点儿自知之明。那些宣扬“ 为艺术而艺术” 或“ 艺术是一种奢侈品”的人更接近真理，但他们不应自认为从事了相对轻松愉快的职业，就足以证明自己在精神上优于平庸的实干者。事实上，现代审查员和有着浪漫情怀的艺术家都把艺术看得太高了。</p><h3>诗人的作用？</h3><p>诗人在病房里吟唱：“他曾经欢愉，现在忧伤，护士怅然地想，我该怎么办？”假如病人或护士对诗人说：“看在上帝的份上，别再哼哼唧唧了，快去拿些热水和绷带来！”事情或许会不一样，但他们谁都没这样说。护士说：“去告诉那个病人，只有我能治好他的病。我会给你一张护照，再多给你一张定量配给卡和歌剧院的免费门票。如果你敢说别的，我就报警。”那个神志不清的可怜病人哭喊道：“快来说服我吧，让我相信自己一切都好，我会给你一套复式公寓和一个美丽的情妇。如果你做不到，我就不听你的。”</p><p>这位诗人，假如他像爱自己那样真诚地爱着病人和护士，就会选择沉默不语，取来热水。但只要他继续唱歌，他的歌声就必须服从一条戒律：“不可做假证陷害他人。”</p><h3> </h3><p>联合国教科文组织《信使》杂志经威斯坦·休·奥登遗产委员会授权重印他的《论自由和艺术》。</p><p>此文是作者对联合国教科文组织1947年开展的人权哲学基础调研的回应。本杂志2018年10-12月刊《<a href="https://zh.unesco.org/courier/2018-4">人权：回到未来</a>》广角栏目对这一调研进行了回顾。</p><p>《论自由和艺术》于2018年第一次出版，见马克·古达尔（Mark Goodale）书籍《相反的信件：<a href="https://zh.unesco.org/courier/2018-4/70nian-qian-guan-dian-zhi-jin-bu-shi-xian-dai-xing">联合国教科文组织人权调研</a>的精选历史》</p><p> </p><p>* “相貌平平的普通人”指的是美国作家和幽默家詹姆斯·瑟伯（James Thurber, 1894-1961年）作品中的若干个弱小而又备受困扰的男性角色。</p><p>** 英国经济学家和改革家威廉· 贝弗里奇（William Beveridge）认为，要想解决英国社会经济方面的重大挑战，就必须实现“享有免于匮乏的自由”这个主要目标。1942 年的贝弗里奇报告为英国福利制度铺平了道路；克莱门特·艾德礼（Clement Attlee）领导下的工党政府在第二次世界大战结束后采取了一系列改革措施。</p><p><strong>图片：</strong><a href="http://www.pejac.es/">PEJAC</a></p><p> </p></div></div></div></div><div><h3 class="share-title">Share</h3><div style="display: none"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol id="copy" viewbox="0 0 64 64"> <path d="M44.697 36.069l6.337-6.337c4.623-4.622 4.623-12.143 0-16.765-4.622-4.623-12.143-4.623-16.765 0l-9.145 9.145c-4.622 4.622-4.622 12.143 0 16.765 0.683 0.683 1.43 1.262 2.22 1.743l4.895-4.896c-0.933-0.223-1.817-0.694-2.543-1.419-2.101-2.101-2.101-5.52 0-7.62l9.145-9.145c2.101-2.101 5.52-2.101 7.62 0s2.101 5.52 0 7.62l-2.687 2.687c1.107 2.605 1.413 5.471 0.922 8.223z"/> <path d="M19.303 27.931l-6.337 6.337c-4.623 4.622-4.623 12.143 0 16.765 4.622 4.623 12.143 4.623 16.765 0l9.144-9.145c4.623-4.622 4.622-12.143 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(IYIL 2019)</a></li></ul></div></div><h3 class="about-author-title">About the authors</h3><div class="field field--name-field-ref-people field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"><div class="field__item"><div class="content taxonomy-term vocabulary-people" id="taxonomy-term-430151"><div class="content"><div class="wrap"><div class="field--name-field-image field--empty"/><div class="wrapper-right"><div class="people-link-name"><div class="field field--name-field-first-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">威斯坦·休·奥登</div><div class="field field--name-field-last-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">威斯坦·休·奥登</div></div></div></div><div class="rich-text clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>（1907-1973年）英裔美籍诗人、剧作家、评论家、词作者，20世纪文学史上的重要人物。于1939年移居美国，任教于美国数所大学，并于1946年获得美国国籍。</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="related-wrapper"><div 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